My neighbor is a widower schoolteacher who gets discounts on things including property taxes on her mansion because of that, despite being multimillionaire by marit inheritance and receiving social security benefits young people can only dream of (and no college loan debt, of course). The "fixed income" cry is just a ploy old people use to get discounts.
Kotlin is a light syntax for a coding style. It's as easy for a Java dev to learn Kotlin as it is to learn Spring or Hibernate or whatever library or framework the team at your new job uses
Google made $billions from Java while Sun went near bankrupt, and is now a top-10 wealthiest company in USA. Oracle trying to get $ from Google in partnership with the former Sun is a different issue from your company's risk.
Startups don't use Java because Java is for large-scale stable long- lived enterprises, not for prototyping simple small web apps that might be thrown away in a couple of years.
Bail is a security deposit. In English bail is generally used to mean a deposit against a promise to appear in criminal court, but it's the same concept.