European countries don’t typically have American-style free speech, no. People can and do get punished with fines and jail time in England for “insulting” various religions, for example. But this isn’t news to legal scholars or historians.. For all of America’s faults, free speech is one thing we do pretty well.
Erm, I think it’s more like “I have a certain worldview that is only consistent if climate change isn’t real” or “this belief is part of my identity, which means the idea that it could be wrong is threatening to my identity”.
There’s no one specific way to crack a password. It all depends on the implementation. The most basic case is just storing the password in plaintext, and plenty of companies are more than happy to do that. Passwords don’t exist as some separate entity, they’re attached to a system. So cracking an Adobe password might be easy, but cracking a Dropbox password incredinly hard.