I studied at a Chinese university for a semester and as part of the program they put on seminars on things like the media, demographic issues, etc.
One of them was about the economic system and they explained that while small businesses (think street shops, small restaurants, etc) are hands-off as there's not much value in being hands on. Large businesses are at the state's control. They explained that you can see the party serving a similar role as the "board of directors."
Engineering wise, it's a miracle that UPI works. All of the banks have very little in the way of consistency checks and proper abstractions. Everything is superglued together and very brittle. There was clearly little direct communication between NPCI, the issuing banks, and the users of the apis in development.
I agree with India's protectionist attitudes that's kept Western companies from monopolizing the ecosystem though. It works well enough, much to chagrin of SV tech companies lol.
One of them was about the economic system and they explained that while small businesses (think street shops, small restaurants, etc) are hands-off as there's not much value in being hands on. Large businesses are at the state's control. They explained that you can see the party serving a similar role as the "board of directors."