There is. When the Fed buys bonds they get the coupon payments for those bonds and they can wipe the money off the books then if they want. They can also sell the underlying bond if they want to remove the cash from the economy immediately. And--since they got a good deal by buying when the market was down--they can afford to sell a little below what the same bond would currently trade at and fixed income investors will line up around the block to buy
Denver has these, you can see them on Larimer and Market street in LoDo. Around the 1890s, the locals dug out a series of tunnels through the city. The snows would come in and people would just go underground for a few days for business. There was a bar that closed about a year ago called the Blake Street Vault—it used to be a bank—and if you asked they would take you into the basement to see the vault and the dumbwaiter. You can see down where they plastered over some of the wall, it used to have a teller window right there open to the tunnels for customers.
Supposedly, you could go from Union Station all the way to the capital building underground (but I doubt that).
I’m sure most of the tunnels aren’t passable, possibly collapsed, filled in, or flooded. But I seriously want to go down and try to map out some of them to be restored like they did in Seattle.
I was in the same boat in 2014. I went a more traditional route by getting a degree in statistics and doing as much machine learning as my professors could stand (they went from groaning about machine learning to downright giddy over those two years). I worked as a data scientist for an oil-and-gas firm, and now work as a machine learning engineer (same thing, basically) for a defense contractor.
I’ve seen some really bad machine learning work in my short career. Don’t listen to the people saying “ignore the theory,” because the worst machine learning people say that and they know enough deep learning to build a model but can’t get good results. I’m also unimpressed with Fast AI for the reasons some other people mentioned, they just wrapped PyTorch. But also don’t read a theory book cover-to-cover before you write some code, that won’t help either. You won’t remember the bias-variance trade-off or Gini impurity or batch-norm or skip connections by the time you go to use them. Learn the software and the theory in tandem. I like to read about a new technique, get as much understanding as I think I can from reading, then try it out.
If I would do it all-over again I would:
1. Get a solid foundation in linear algebra. A lot of machine learning can be formulated in terms of a series of matrix operations, and sometimes it makes more sense to. I thought Coding the Matrix was pretty good, especially the first few chapters.
2. Read up on some basic optimization. Most of the time it makes the most sense to formulate the algorithm in terms of optimization. Usually, you want to minimize some loss function and thats simple, but regularization terms make things tricky. It’s also helpful to learn why you would regularize.
3. Learn a little bit of probability. The further you go the more helpful it will be when you want to run simulations or something like that. Jaynes has a good book but I wouldn’t say it’s elementary.
4. Learn statistical distributions: Gaussian, Poisson, Exponential, and beta are the big ones that I see a lot. You don’t have to memorize the formulas (I also look them up) but know when to use them.
While you’re learning this, play with linear regression and it’s variants: polynomial, lasso, logistic, etc. For tabular data, I always reach for the appropriate regression before I do anything more complicated. It’s straightforward, fast, you get to see what’s happening with the data (like what transformations you should perform or where you’re missing data), and it’s interpretable. It’s nice having some preliminary results to show and discuss while everyone else is struggling to get not-awful results from their neural networks.
Then you can really get into the meat with machine learning. I’d start with tree-based models first. They’re more straightforward and forgiving than neural networks. You can explore how the complexity of your models effects the predictions and start to get a feel for hyper-parameter optimization. Start with basic trees and then get into random forests in scikit-learn. Then explore gradient boosted trees with XGBoost. And you can get some really good results with trees. In my group, we rarely see neural networks outperform models built in XGBoost on tabular data.
Most blog posts suck. Most papers are useless. I recommend Geron’s Hands-On Machine Learning.
Then I’d explore the wide world of neural networks. Start with Keras, which really emphasizes the model building in a friendly way, and then get going with PyTorch as you get comfortable debugging Keras. Attack some object classification problems with-and-without pretrained backends, then get into detection and NLP. Play with weight regularization, batch norm and group norm, different learning rates, etc. If you really want to get deep into things, learn some CUDA programming too.
I really like Chollet’s Deep Learning with Python.
After that, do what you want to do. Time series, graphical models, reinforcement learning— the field’s exploded beyond simple image classification. Good luck!
Why Nations Fail by Acemoglu and Robinson
Poor Economics by Banerjee and Duflo
The first deals with why nations stay poor, the second covers how the poor in the third world live and how to actually help them