The first example, I, is an identity function. It takes y and returns y.
The second, K, is a constant which takes X and y and returns x.
This gets more complicated as you go along. The idea is that you get rid of a lot of the syntax for composition and have it all be implicit by what you put next to each other (given APL programs are usually one long line of a bunch of different symbols all representing functions).
To complement leethomps answer, combinatory logic is a branch of Mathematics that was started in the 1920s by a mathematician called Moses Shönfinkel which deals with "functions that do stuff and return other functions".
This was developed by some names that may be more familiar (Haskell Curry, Alan Turing, Kurt Gödel, Bertrand Russell). It was proved to be identical to both the lambda calculus and the Turing machine and became the basis for modern computing.
What we see here are some of those key building blocks that were studied in the 20s and 30s and have been now applied to modern programming languages.
Functional languages use them a lot because you can express a lot of things as just combinations and compositions of other functions. Array languages often take this to an extreme by expressing complex numeric algorithms with only a few symbols.
What you see above is the logic/processing order of how those functions fit together. For example you can express a mean as something like `(+/#)` - a 5 letter anonymous function that can be applied to an array - because of all the applications and combinations being implicit in the structure of the language, as denoted in the link.
This. SiFive, for example, is a proprietory core design based on the open source RISC V spec. Hazard3 [0] on the other hand, is an open source core design.
Do you have examples of where something isn't accurate? If something hasn't changed it doesn't need to be updated. As far as I'm aware the things that change are updated quickly, hence the list is relevant.
I love Bret Victor and believe he has some very important things to say about design (UI design, language design and general design) but a lot of his concepts don't scale or abstract as well as he seems to be implying (ironic because he has a full essay on "The Ladder of Abstraction" [0]).
He makes some keen observations about how tooling in certain areas (especially front end design) is geared towards programmers rather than visual GUI tools, and tries to relate that back to a more general point about getting intuition for code, but I think this is only really applicable when there is a visual metaphor for the concept that there is an intuition to be gotten about.
To that end, rather than "programming not having progressed", a better realisation of his goals would be better documentation, interactive explainers, more tooling for editing/developing/profiling for whatever use case you need it for and not, as he would be implying, that all languages are naively missing out on the obvious future of all programming (which I don't think is an unfair inference from the featured video where he's presenting all programming like it's still the 1970s).
He does put his money where his mouth is, creating interactive essays and explainers that put his preaching into practice [1] which again are very good for those specific concepts but don't abstract to all education.
Similarly he has Dynamicland [2] which aims to be an educational hacker space type place to explore other means of programming, input etc. It's a _fascinating_ experiment and there are plenty of interesting takeaways, but it still doesn't convince me that the concepts he's espousing are the future of programming. A much better way to teach kids how computers work and how to instruct them? Sure. Am I going to be writing apps using bits of paper in 2050? Probably not.
An interesting point of comparison would be the Ken Iverson "notation as a tool of thought" which also tries to tackle the notion of programming being cumbersome and unintuitive, but comes at it very much from the mathematical, problem solving angle rather than the visual design angle. [3]
They tried it without a flagship and without a large library of compatible games.
They now have a flagship first party Steam Machine and Proton to run games. They are also working with partners to create 3rd party Steam OS handhelds.
If steam machines sell well, we will likely see supported 3rd party offerings.
The most recent episode of the BBC Satire Radio show "The Naked Week" reached out to hundreds of name-alikes to get them to comment on a recent UK news story.
They ended up interviewing Taylor Swift, an MMA instructor from Cheltenham, UK.
* Reveal.js style declaration for "keyframe 1", declaration for "keyframe 2" and then automatic animation/transition between the two. Animation "themes" of fade in/out, pop in/out of nodes. I like the arrow "growing" theme from the article but would also see cases where I want the nodes to appear first and the arrows grow to them, and also a case where the arrow grows and the nodes appear at the end.
* Impress js zoom, movement, focus
I would like to use animations to help me communicate something or to make my point. I'm not necessarily looking to spark joy - I'd very much see that as a "nice to have" (i.e. for each or the above make the defaults pretty).
https://xkcd.com/1150/