Imperfect Produce: "if you can believe that folks throw out worse-looking produce rather than sell it at stores _you_ would never frequent, make other products from it, feed livestock with it, etc, boy howdy have we got a feel-good story for you!"
OTOH, it's often that the risks _to the doctor_ outweigh the benefits _to the doctor_ of recommending you use it. Correlated with but far from the same as the risks/benefits to you.
It's possible and extraordinarily unlikely. I think any philosopher who argues that it's _likely_ humans have a biological limitation preventing us from ever understanding the human brain is going to be making some obvious errors. Got any examples to check?
That study is super flawed. Its conclusion is directionally correct, but aggregating negative wealth just doesn't make sense in this context, so the numbers "8" and "half" are meaningless except insofar as you interpret them only with the precision "few" and "lots".