Queues are Databases (1995)(arxiv.org)
arxiv.org
Queues are Databases (1995)
https://arxiv.org/abs/cs/0701158
30 comments
Not all databases are relational. Not all relational databases are built on b-trees.
From the summary:
> Many people are building queue managers on file systems as a transactional resource manager and a TP-lite monitor. An alternative approach is to evolve an Object-Relational database system to support the mechanisms needed to build a queuing system
The key word here is evolve.
The point is to think of a queuing system in the database as a concept sense, rather than the database as a specific implementation sense.
From the summary:
> Many people are building queue managers on file systems as a transactional resource manager and a TP-lite monitor. An alternative approach is to evolve an Object-Relational database system to support the mechanisms needed to build a queuing system
The key word here is evolve.
The point is to think of a queuing system in the database as a concept sense, rather than the database as a specific implementation sense.
I don't know about the implementation details, but MySQL now has a RocksDB based storage engine[1] now.
[1]: https://myrocks.io/
[1]: https://myrocks.io/
Websphere MQ has had DB2 as a dependency for ages. Not by accident.
OTOH as a sysadmin I hate when developers use queueing systems as databases. It's like keeping full courier vans circling around the city instead of having a warehouse. Messaging systems are pipes, not water towers. It makes monitoring difficult, makes browsing and modifying data difficult, and administration difficult. They may be sides of the same coin, but that doesn't mean you have to use only a side of it.
OTOH as a sysadmin I hate when developers use queueing systems as databases. It's like keeping full courier vans circling around the city instead of having a warehouse. Messaging systems are pipes, not water towers. It makes monitoring difficult, makes browsing and modifying data difficult, and administration difficult. They may be sides of the same coin, but that doesn't mean you have to use only a side of it.
In the 90s, I worked in a little electronics shop where the owner had a "creative" scheme going. He would order all sorts of stock (cameras, computers, radios, etc) via cash-on-delivery (COD), but then he had a deal with the UPS man.
The UPS man would just keep all the goods in his truck for weeks and weeks. Then whenever we had a customer at the store who wanted to buy a given model of camera or whatever it was, I would be "dispatched to the stock room", aka, I would go out the back with cash in hand, get a money order from the post office next door, find the UPS truck (his turf was just a few city blocks), and then triumphantly come back with the item for the customer.
It usually worked well enough, but occasionally failed in unpredictable ways and sometimes spectacular ways. Like using a queue as a db -- that's not really how any of that was meant to work...
The UPS man would just keep all the goods in his truck for weeks and weeks. Then whenever we had a customer at the store who wanted to buy a given model of camera or whatever it was, I would be "dispatched to the stock room", aka, I would go out the back with cash in hand, get a money order from the post office next door, find the UPS truck (his turf was just a few city blocks), and then triumphantly come back with the item for the customer.
It usually worked well enough, but occasionally failed in unpredictable ways and sometimes spectacular ways. Like using a queue as a db -- that's not really how any of that was meant to work...
MQSeries was not built on DB2. It may use DB2 XA for distributed transactions, important for what Jim Gray called “server pools” in the paper, but otherwise these are independent technologies.
This is like saying "Prisons are Buildings". Yes they are. So what?
EDIT: Never mind, this paper is brilliant. EDIT2: Here's the point for my own future reference: to make a good Queue, you need a pile of parts. A reasonable construction plan for those parts is to assemble them into a Database, and throw a Queue thingy on top. This is the best way to build a Queue, because then you can use the good Database for other things too. This sort of happened and was called Redis.
EDIT: Never mind, this paper is brilliant. EDIT2: Here's the point for my own future reference: to make a good Queue, you need a pile of parts. A reasonable construction plan for those parts is to assemble them into a Database, and throw a Queue thingy on top. This is the best way to build a Queue, because then you can use the good Database for other things too. This sort of happened and was called Redis.
And we are still having this discussion in 2020 with Kafka [1].
A DBMS is one thing, but data platform components are something else.
And I think this is good, actually - IMHO the ability to use unbundled components of a "database" for different purposes has been huge. A distributed processing query engine - Apache Spark. A distributed "transaction log" that acts like a queue and can handle real time streaming and permanent storage - Kafka. Distributed file storage - HDFS. Efficient storage and open file formats for compressed data - Parquet for columnar data.. Snappy compression, ORC, etc.. etc..
As a result, we have tools that represent the unbundled components, and we still have traditional monolithic DBMS. And we still have queues that are transient (ex. nanomsg or ZMQ). They can and do coexist and this is good. We have lots of tools in the chest for different jobs, it's great!
[1] https://dzone.com/articles/is-apache-kafka-a-database-the-20...
A DBMS is one thing, but data platform components are something else.
And I think this is good, actually - IMHO the ability to use unbundled components of a "database" for different purposes has been huge. A distributed processing query engine - Apache Spark. A distributed "transaction log" that acts like a queue and can handle real time streaming and permanent storage - Kafka. Distributed file storage - HDFS. Efficient storage and open file formats for compressed data - Parquet for columnar data.. Snappy compression, ORC, etc.. etc..
As a result, we have tools that represent the unbundled components, and we still have traditional monolithic DBMS. And we still have queues that are transient (ex. nanomsg or ZMQ). They can and do coexist and this is good. We have lots of tools in the chest for different jobs, it's great!
[1] https://dzone.com/articles/is-apache-kafka-a-database-the-20...
If in 2020 you still choose Kafka as your messaging infrastructure, you are well behind the times.
I get it, I really do. Your manager has heard of Kafka, as has your PM and CTO. Nobody has ever fired for buying Kafka. It’s the new IBM.
“Buying Kafka? It’s open source, so it’s free!” you say, my naïve friend who hasn’t heard of Confluent.
Yes, Kafka is free until you go to production and need things like mirror maker, for multi-site replication. Then it’s time to pay up to the company that has taken over and monetized the project.
But its a pain to run, a pain to debug, uses avro as a binary schema, because everyone uses avro, right? And partitions are great! Until you need to change them and then you’re in for a world of strange and potentially unnoticed bugs from a discontinuity in partitioning as the topic grows.
Or... you could have Pulsar. Dynamic partitioning, more expressive subscription models, multi-active as part of the core product. No BS marketing claiming “exactly once delivery semantics”, aka more than once with receiver side deduplication, aka what TCP does and has always done.
There is no reason to be building something new on top of Kafka in 2020.
I get it, I really do. Your manager has heard of Kafka, as has your PM and CTO. Nobody has ever fired for buying Kafka. It’s the new IBM.
“Buying Kafka? It’s open source, so it’s free!” you say, my naïve friend who hasn’t heard of Confluent.
Yes, Kafka is free until you go to production and need things like mirror maker, for multi-site replication. Then it’s time to pay up to the company that has taken over and monetized the project.
But its a pain to run, a pain to debug, uses avro as a binary schema, because everyone uses avro, right? And partitions are great! Until you need to change them and then you’re in for a world of strange and potentially unnoticed bugs from a discontinuity in partitioning as the topic grows.
Or... you could have Pulsar. Dynamic partitioning, more expressive subscription models, multi-active as part of the core product. No BS marketing claiming “exactly once delivery semantics”, aka more than once with receiver side deduplication, aka what TCP does and has always done.
There is no reason to be building something new on top of Kafka in 2020.
So thank you for sharing this. I wasn't explicitly recommending nor condemning Kafka (or Confluent). Your input is definitely valuable.
I was implicitly referring to the fact that Confluent is now trying to position their product as being a database (something I think is not really the right use case for that product), and the irony of the fact that the database/queue discussion in this article is from '95.
I do believe the unbundling of some database features have given us tools from those monoliths to use in our software architectures which are really handy.
Regarding your comment about, "nobody ever got fired for Kafka" - I've been in our industry long enough to have lived through this old saw several times, so I get it. I don't think people should go into Kafka for heavy use cases without realizing they will end up paying Confluent, and that it won't be cheap and/or perfect. I'm not suggesting people go with Kafka or Confluent for that or any specific reason, unless they prove it is the right tool for their job.
You seem to be proposing discarding Kafka completely in favor of Pulsar. I have not had the privilege of implementing Pulsar, heard about it, will need to look into it some more. I take it you have personally implemented it? Are you part of the project? What gives you the confidence that Pulsar will not become the next Kafka when the next great tool comes out? I'm genuinely interested.
Personally, we have a handful of use cases that Kafka works fine for. There are some uses cases that it promises or suggests possible, but still falls short, that we would like to have in our toolbox. They are not the common use cases it is used for. We specifically are NOT using it as a database. We are also not pushing Kafka nearly anywhere as hard as companies like LinkedIn or others do.
So given this article is about how queues are databases, I'd like your opinion on the pattern this suggests. What was your take on things like RethinkDb, which had great real time change notification (but not really messaging). Or, how about the direction Amazon QLDB seems to be going, with streams emitted from a immutable ledger for storage? Do you see any actual database which has a great story that addresses this feature?
These are all interesting tools, but personally the pattern of an unbundled, immutable transaction log, with change notification feeding a messaging system feels like a helpful tool to have in the architecture tool chest.
Your thoughts?
I was implicitly referring to the fact that Confluent is now trying to position their product as being a database (something I think is not really the right use case for that product), and the irony of the fact that the database/queue discussion in this article is from '95.
I do believe the unbundling of some database features have given us tools from those monoliths to use in our software architectures which are really handy.
Regarding your comment about, "nobody ever got fired for Kafka" - I've been in our industry long enough to have lived through this old saw several times, so I get it. I don't think people should go into Kafka for heavy use cases without realizing they will end up paying Confluent, and that it won't be cheap and/or perfect. I'm not suggesting people go with Kafka or Confluent for that or any specific reason, unless they prove it is the right tool for their job.
You seem to be proposing discarding Kafka completely in favor of Pulsar. I have not had the privilege of implementing Pulsar, heard about it, will need to look into it some more. I take it you have personally implemented it? Are you part of the project? What gives you the confidence that Pulsar will not become the next Kafka when the next great tool comes out? I'm genuinely interested.
Personally, we have a handful of use cases that Kafka works fine for. There are some uses cases that it promises or suggests possible, but still falls short, that we would like to have in our toolbox. They are not the common use cases it is used for. We specifically are NOT using it as a database. We are also not pushing Kafka nearly anywhere as hard as companies like LinkedIn or others do.
So given this article is about how queues are databases, I'd like your opinion on the pattern this suggests. What was your take on things like RethinkDb, which had great real time change notification (but not really messaging). Or, how about the direction Amazon QLDB seems to be going, with streams emitted from a immutable ledger for storage? Do you see any actual database which has a great story that addresses this feature?
These are all interesting tools, but personally the pattern of an unbundled, immutable transaction log, with change notification feeding a messaging system feels like a helpful tool to have in the architecture tool chest.
Your thoughts?
Wow, now pulsar as well. As someone who isn't full-time trying to keep up with this tsunami of names it's just impossible to keep up. Apache (or someone, anyone please) needs to make a matrix of all their own competing technologies and what the actual differences are between them. It's just impossible!
I feel ya. Software is a world that’s constantly evolving.
Apache is great at software engineering, but sorely lacking in product design. Because open source software is almost definitionally not a product, but a tool.
With that comes increased bifurcation of the tooling when different requirements arise, and increased complexity with running it. Kafka and pulsar both have zookeeper as an external dependency, for instance. Pulsar has an extra dependency even in bookkeeper, one of the few things I’ll readily fault it for. It’s a stark contrast to openly commercial products like CockroachDB, which has a single static binary, with symmetric nodes, and built in management UI. It’s a product, not a tool.
FWIW, Apache has a project directory - https://projects.apache.org/projects.html
But it’s a far cry from a comparison matrix as you (and I think many other confused and disheartened engineers) desire.
Apache is great at software engineering, but sorely lacking in product design. Because open source software is almost definitionally not a product, but a tool.
With that comes increased bifurcation of the tooling when different requirements arise, and increased complexity with running it. Kafka and pulsar both have zookeeper as an external dependency, for instance. Pulsar has an extra dependency even in bookkeeper, one of the few things I’ll readily fault it for. It’s a stark contrast to openly commercial products like CockroachDB, which has a single static binary, with symmetric nodes, and built in management UI. It’s a product, not a tool.
FWIW, Apache has a project directory - https://projects.apache.org/projects.html
But it’s a far cry from a comparison matrix as you (and I think many other confused and disheartened engineers) desire.
It's not due to bifurcation.
It's because Apache "adopts" products that are created independently by other companies who then want to open source their product, and leave to it someone else to look after.
Kafka was created at LinkedIn and eventually donated to Apache Foundation.
Pulsar was created at Yahoo and eventually donated to Apache Foundation.
It's because Apache "adopts" products that are created independently by other companies who then want to open source their product, and leave to it someone else to look after.
Kafka was created at LinkedIn and eventually donated to Apache Foundation.
Pulsar was created at Yahoo and eventually donated to Apache Foundation.
People know Kafka, it works well, AWS will sell you a managed version, using Protobuf or Json payloads isn’t an issue, and the conceptual model is easy to understand.
Pulsar may be better, but is it better enough to displace an entrenched piece of core software at the heart of an enterprise?
Pulsar may be better, but is it better enough to displace an entrenched piece of core software at the heart of an enterprise?
First time I've heard of Pulsar
I really look forward to seeing what can be done with Postgres's pluggable storage backends that were recently added. It seems that some of the issues with treating a table as a queue could be mitigated with special storage backends designed for such a job.
PostgreSQL and Oracle were always a good starting point for a queueing system since they support MVCC, a necessity for the hot rows at the head of the queue. DB2, Sybase, and Microsoft started with hierarchical locking, but all three have added optional MVCC in the form of Snapshot or Cursor Stability isolation levels. I’m not sure what functionality is missing that requires a new storage engine.
FWIW, you already can use postgres' logical decoding / change data capture to make queuing more efficient. Depending on what you need.
If it's the type of queue that various consumers need to see in their entirety, then you can just use pg_logical_emit_message(transactional bool, prefix text, payload data/bytea) to emit messages , which logical decoding consumers then see either in time order (transactional = false) or in commit order (transactional = true).
If it's more the the job type of queue where exactly one subscriber is allowed to see a message it's a bit more complicated, but using logical decoding will probably still be more efficient than querying a queue table with ORDER BY etc.
Being able to do queue submissions as part of a transaction (i.e. queue submissions will only be visible after commit) can be really useful to integrate with external systems.
If it's the type of queue that various consumers need to see in their entirety, then you can just use pg_logical_emit_message(transactional bool, prefix text, payload data/bytea) to emit messages , which logical decoding consumers then see either in time order (transactional = false) or in commit order (transactional = true).
If it's more the the job type of queue where exactly one subscriber is allowed to see a message it's a bit more complicated, but using logical decoding will probably still be more efficient than querying a queue table with ORDER BY etc.
Being able to do queue submissions as part of a transaction (i.e. queue submissions will only be visible after commit) can be really useful to integrate with external systems.
You could use logical replication for queuing but there are a lot of footguns. It's far from a general purpose queue. For a handful of consumers, fine, but you'll have trouble scaling this to hundreds or thousands of consumers, which other queues solve for handily.
I agree but MySQL has had pluggable backends for over ten years and I haven’t seen a viable one for this yet.
mysql did get a couple nice columnar storage engines until Oracle killed the business
For the modern 2019 take: https://youtu.be/05mVvkp6f2M
Recent work from Berkeley on AnnaDB and Martin Kleppman’s OLEP stuff is a complete opposite of this idea. Something along the lines of - databases are just a queue topology with synchronization.
Queues do definitely seem like a more fundamental primitive.
Queues do definitely seem like a more fundamental primitive.
Just to clarify slapping a queue on a database is still a bad idea IMO
I've done queuing using in-memory tables in MySQL. This allowed fair queuing to prevent one user hogging the system.
remains me to: Martin Kleppmann | Kafka Summit London 2019 Keynote | Is Kafka a Database? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BuE6JvQE_CY
I feel like https://aphyr.com/tags/jepsen really drives this home.
I mean Queues are basically sequence with id that can be seen as monotonically incremental...
So they can be a database, but why is this claim surprising or insightful in anyway?
So they can be a database, but why is this claim surprising or insightful in anyway?
The latest generation of durable messaging systems that offer queue semantics do so by modelling those semantics over a distributed, replicated log, such as Apache Pulsar and RabbitMQ's new replicated queue type called Quorum Queues.
A queue is different to a log in that reading from a queue is destructive, but reading from a log is not. So if I have two applications (shipping and auditing) that want a queue with all the shipping orders in, then each needs their own queue - so they don't compete over the messages. Whereas a log can be read by both, but both need to track their independent position in the log.
Apache Pulsar offers queue semantics to shipping and auditing by storing the shipping orders in one distributed log (a topic) and creating two separate subscriptions (also logs) that track the position (like Kafka consumer offsets). The destructive read of a queue is simulated by advancing the cursor (offset) of the subscription. The performance improvement this append-only log data structure offers compared to a mutable B-tree of the RBDMS is massive.
Quorum queues do it a different way, but still modelling queue semantics over a log.
Of course some future RDBMS storage backend wouldn't have to use B-trees and read_past locking etc, it could also use a log based data structure for message storage too.