Greatest Vacuum Tubes You’ve Never Heard Of(spectrum.ieee.org)
spectrum.ieee.org
Greatest Vacuum Tubes You’ve Never Heard Of
https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-history/space-age/the-11-greatest-vacuum-tubes-youve-never-heard-of
16 comments
This remindes me of a museum in Munich - a museum I had never heard of, located in the central office of a company I had never heard of, and which I would have probably never seen but for the "Long Night of Museums": the Spinner GmbH vacuum tube museum (http://www.spinner-group.com/en/company/spinner-group/vacuum...), showcasing the extensive vacuum tube collection of the company's founder.
thanks for the tip :)
I am somewhat surprised not to see a mention of the humble x-ray tube (diode), or the medical linacs. Modern medical linacs are incredible, essentially a large block of copper that where you apply a few kilovolts and hydrogen on one end and get megaelectronvolt protons out the other end--the rf drive tube, vacuum pump, and resonant acceleration cavity is all integrated into one unit.
https://altairusa.com/role-of-the-linear-accelerator-linac-i...
"Any sufficiently faulty Vacuum Tube is a Perceptron"
If you would like to hear some of the greatest tubes, there are some interesting audio types that are electrically equivalent enough to be accepted for interchange in properly designed power amplifiers.
Most traditional tube amps were designed with only the performance of a single particular tube type in mind.
To keep distortion to a minimum, this can be a baseline requirement for audiophile performance when replacing tubes.
But with guitar amplifiers different amounts of distortion are desired or not at different times.
So these guitar circuits can be made more amenable to the limited variety of electrically suitable US and overseas choices having compatible pinouts.
Something like this:
http://www.kometamps.com/products/amplifiers/komet-60
where it can accept any of the US-style 6L6, 6CA7, 5881, or 7581 or the European-style EL34, KT77, or KT66
These all have compatible pinouts but they are not all supposed to be the same.
Each tube type had various vintage and some current manufacturers using components of differering material and geometry to achieve characteristic performance for that type according to its data sheet.
All of these types fall into a close enough ballpark where a musician can try different types according to taste in some amps, even if this would not be the traditional approach.
For guitar amplifiers the incoming signals often drive these tubes beyond the linear range shown on the data sheets anyway.
And at high volumes the differences in tubes' internal construction can be heard even more so in the suitcase-style amps where the tubes are right there by the speakers.
Plus there's the smaller preamp tubes, so many amps use nothing but 12AX7's in the preamp but there's a whole lot of different guts inside different 12AX7's over the decades.
Most traditional tube amps were designed with only the performance of a single particular tube type in mind.
To keep distortion to a minimum, this can be a baseline requirement for audiophile performance when replacing tubes.
But with guitar amplifiers different amounts of distortion are desired or not at different times.
So these guitar circuits can be made more amenable to the limited variety of electrically suitable US and overseas choices having compatible pinouts.
Something like this:
http://www.kometamps.com/products/amplifiers/komet-60
where it can accept any of the US-style 6L6, 6CA7, 5881, or 7581 or the European-style EL34, KT77, or KT66
These all have compatible pinouts but they are not all supposed to be the same.
Each tube type had various vintage and some current manufacturers using components of differering material and geometry to achieve characteristic performance for that type according to its data sheet.
All of these types fall into a close enough ballpark where a musician can try different types according to taste in some amps, even if this would not be the traditional approach.
For guitar amplifiers the incoming signals often drive these tubes beyond the linear range shown on the data sheets anyway.
And at high volumes the differences in tubes' internal construction can be heard even more so in the suitcase-style amps where the tubes are right there by the speakers.
Plus there's the smaller preamp tubes, so many amps use nothing but 12AX7's in the preamp but there's a whole lot of different guts inside different 12AX7's over the decades.
I remember a Fry's Electronics had a large Klystron in their store.
Not for sale, just as a kind of decoration.
Not for sale, just as a kind of decoration.
-The ham radio club I was a member of while in university had a long and proud tradition of sending letters to former members, asking if their employer happened to have any items suitable for donation to the club; power tubes (think 3-500Z, 4CX250/350 &c), old measurement gear, etc, etc.
Back in the seventies sometime, they received notice that a shipment of QRO (high power!) tubes were on their way, courtesy of $COMPANY.
Enthusiasm turned to amazement turned to dismay when it turned out the shipment consisted of several big Klystrons - hardly useful for amateur purposes! We still had one on display when I attended in the late nineties, though.
Back in the seventies sometime, they received notice that a shipment of QRO (high power!) tubes were on their way, courtesy of $COMPANY.
Enthusiasm turned to amazement turned to dismay when it turned out the shipment consisted of several big Klystrons - hardly useful for amateur purposes! We still had one on display when I attended in the late nineties, though.
It's a very entertaining read, but mostly useless information and trivia, unless you can call tubes a hobby or interest. It inspired me using all this for some sci-fi plot though, like transmitting power and data wirelessly in space.
"The Complete Venus Equilateral" will scratch that itch.
https://www.amazon.com/Complete-Venus-Equilateral-George-Smi...
https://www.amazon.com/Complete-Venus-Equilateral-George-Smi...
1 New from $809.67 on Amazon. Yeah, right. Thanks.
This is worth reading end-to-end just to the fascinating sub-stories related to each tube.
Warning: Definitely a potential rabbithole of curious hacker information
Warning: Definitely a potential rabbithole of curious hacker information
Good article. But I have heard of several of these, particularly the one in the microphone: VF14M
The 175HQ is probably my favorite rare tube.
I consider the image orthicon and its 'bigger' brother, the image isocon, video camera tubes to be just about the most remarkable electron tubes to have ever been devised. Although first designed by RCA around 80 years ago, even by today's engineering standards, these ingenious quantum mechanical devices represent the pinnacle of vacuum tube technology.
For electron tubes, not only is their complexity unrivalled but they work extremely well at what they were designed to do, that is they are remarkably sensitive image-capturing devices that can work down to the threshold of the photoelectric effect. The image orthicon can record images by candlelight and the isocon by starlight (as it has such a good noise figure—so good they were used for imaging in astronomical telescopes). To achieve this, the photocathode uses multiple alkali metals in combination to achieve an optimal photon/electron work function over the usable visible spectrum.
These amazing electron tubes combine a diverse range of vacuum electronic phenomena and vacuum tube techniques into an integrated system that orchestrates electrons into do their bidding (I use orchestrate here intentionally because electrons are in effect orchestrated into performing quite complex operations to generate an electronic image). What essentially differentiates the orthicon from modern solid-state imaging devices is that it has a much more complicated architecture that involves many different processes whereas the latter repeats essentially one process on mass.
Briefly, these technologies include:
* Electron/thermionic emission, (Richardson's law), generated from a heated cathode enhanced with low work function alkaline earth metal oxides (oxides of Ba, Ca, and Sr, etc.).
* A Wehnelt cylinder electron gun that produces a fine beam of electrons.
* Photo-emissive semitransparent cathode combined with an imaging subsection (as mentioned).
* A image transfer system which involves the transfer of the image across a glass plate (in later EEV tubes, an electronically conducting glass (Elcon glass) was used).
* A scanning section consisting of forward and return electron beams, electrostatic focusing electrodes and electromagnetic focusing and scanning coils.
* 5-stage photomultiplier to amplify the signal in the return electron beam by between 500 and 1000 times.
* A metallic getter deposited onto the glass envelope to maintain a high vacuum (the highly reactive metal would absorb (react with) any stray gas molecules): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getter
The 4 1/2" image orthicon in the hands of a competent operator produces quite stunning images. One of their endearing characteristics is that the gamma could be altered dynamically on the fly by adjusting the electronic parameters (this way the visual 'mood' of a scene could be set by the CCU (camera control operator) as required). That said, they were prone to producing halo effects and negative halos when, say, photographing candles (e.g.: a lit candelabra resting on a piano). I can recognize an image orthicon image from an old recording in a split second, as they produce unmistakable images (albeit excellent ones).
Why then are they no longer used? First, they were horrendously expensive as they were all handmade; second, they were very large; third, they required high voltages and complicated scanning circuits to operate; forth, for colour TV the cameras were physically enormous (so big in fact that the orthicon† was only used for the luminance channel and the much smaller vidicons for the chroma channels where resolution was less important); and last, the physical nature of their construction meant that there were always slight variations in their physical geometry and that made convergence alignment between channels difficult.
† There were a rare breed of colour cameras that used three 3" orthicons but I've never heard of a camera that used three 4 1/2" ones.)
Images of 3" orthicon showing photo cathode, image section, and photomultiplier dynodes:
http://hakimweb.com/AntiqueXRayTubes/web10/Radiology_Related...
Brief outline of the theory of operation:
https://electronicsdesk.com/image-orthicon.html
A YouTube video describing the operation of an RCA type 5820 3" image orthicon (very good):
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=-_L4f8_FgFM
Here are some excellent photos of the 4 1/2" EEV type 7259 image orthicon (many considered this the best image orthicon ever made). I actually own two of these and they still worked when I first came into possession of them (they were removed from service because of slight image blemishes):
http://www.r-type.org/exhib/abk0016.htm
Incidentally, you'll note the box the 7259 was transported in (vertical image with English Electric Camera Tubes in yellow on the side) and marked 'keep upright'. Well, in the side of this box was embedded a little circular plastic container that looked a bit like an hourglass. It was an anti-tip mechanism where if tipped upside down a ball bearing would drop out and it was nigh on impossible to put back. The reason why it was important that the tube not be inverted so its photocathode was face down was to stop any tiny loose fragments left over from the manufacturing process from falling onto the photocathode surface and possibly causing blemishes in the image. If the ball had popped out it was an insurance claim! (In the days before video games, used boxes used to be claimed for these anti-tilt devices, they then became get-the-ball-back puzzles that amused people for weeks.)
For electron tubes, not only is their complexity unrivalled but they work extremely well at what they were designed to do, that is they are remarkably sensitive image-capturing devices that can work down to the threshold of the photoelectric effect. The image orthicon can record images by candlelight and the isocon by starlight (as it has such a good noise figure—so good they were used for imaging in astronomical telescopes). To achieve this, the photocathode uses multiple alkali metals in combination to achieve an optimal photon/electron work function over the usable visible spectrum.
These amazing electron tubes combine a diverse range of vacuum electronic phenomena and vacuum tube techniques into an integrated system that orchestrates electrons into do their bidding (I use orchestrate here intentionally because electrons are in effect orchestrated into performing quite complex operations to generate an electronic image). What essentially differentiates the orthicon from modern solid-state imaging devices is that it has a much more complicated architecture that involves many different processes whereas the latter repeats essentially one process on mass.
Briefly, these technologies include:
* Electron/thermionic emission, (Richardson's law), generated from a heated cathode enhanced with low work function alkaline earth metal oxides (oxides of Ba, Ca, and Sr, etc.).
* A Wehnelt cylinder electron gun that produces a fine beam of electrons.
* Photo-emissive semitransparent cathode combined with an imaging subsection (as mentioned).
* A image transfer system which involves the transfer of the image across a glass plate (in later EEV tubes, an electronically conducting glass (Elcon glass) was used).
* A scanning section consisting of forward and return electron beams, electrostatic focusing electrodes and electromagnetic focusing and scanning coils.
* 5-stage photomultiplier to amplify the signal in the return electron beam by between 500 and 1000 times.
* A metallic getter deposited onto the glass envelope to maintain a high vacuum (the highly reactive metal would absorb (react with) any stray gas molecules): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getter
The 4 1/2" image orthicon in the hands of a competent operator produces quite stunning images. One of their endearing characteristics is that the gamma could be altered dynamically on the fly by adjusting the electronic parameters (this way the visual 'mood' of a scene could be set by the CCU (camera control operator) as required). That said, they were prone to producing halo effects and negative halos when, say, photographing candles (e.g.: a lit candelabra resting on a piano). I can recognize an image orthicon image from an old recording in a split second, as they produce unmistakable images (albeit excellent ones).
Why then are they no longer used? First, they were horrendously expensive as they were all handmade; second, they were very large; third, they required high voltages and complicated scanning circuits to operate; forth, for colour TV the cameras were physically enormous (so big in fact that the orthicon† was only used for the luminance channel and the much smaller vidicons for the chroma channels where resolution was less important); and last, the physical nature of their construction meant that there were always slight variations in their physical geometry and that made convergence alignment between channels difficult.
† There were a rare breed of colour cameras that used three 3" orthicons but I've never heard of a camera that used three 4 1/2" ones.)
Images of 3" orthicon showing photo cathode, image section, and photomultiplier dynodes:
http://hakimweb.com/AntiqueXRayTubes/web10/Radiology_Related...
Brief outline of the theory of operation:
https://electronicsdesk.com/image-orthicon.html
A YouTube video describing the operation of an RCA type 5820 3" image orthicon (very good):
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=-_L4f8_FgFM
Here are some excellent photos of the 4 1/2" EEV type 7259 image orthicon (many considered this the best image orthicon ever made). I actually own two of these and they still worked when I first came into possession of them (they were removed from service because of slight image blemishes):
http://www.r-type.org/exhib/abk0016.htm
Incidentally, you'll note the box the 7259 was transported in (vertical image with English Electric Camera Tubes in yellow on the side) and marked 'keep upright'. Well, in the side of this box was embedded a little circular plastic container that looked a bit like an hourglass. It was an anti-tip mechanism where if tipped upside down a ball bearing would drop out and it was nigh on impossible to put back. The reason why it was important that the tube not be inverted so its photocathode was face down was to stop any tiny loose fragments left over from the manufacturing process from falling onto the photocathode surface and possibly causing blemishes in the image. If the ball had popped out it was an insurance claim! (In the days before video games, used boxes used to be claimed for these anti-tilt devices, they then became get-the-ball-back puzzles that amused people for weeks.)