The toxic tide of ship breaking(chemistryworld.com)
chemistryworld.com
The toxic tide of ship breaking
https://www.chemistryworld.com/features/the-toxic-tide-of-ship-breaking/4015158.article
76 comments
By the time they're beached, they're not owned by a Western company. They've been sold for scrap to the scrappers.
"right now, selling a vessel to a beaching facility would get maybe $500 (£371) per tonne."
https://www.chemistryworld.com/features/the-toxic-tide-of-sh...
"right now, selling a vessel to a beaching facility would get maybe $500 (£371) per tonne."
https://www.chemistryworld.com/features/the-toxic-tide-of-sh...
Juuuust before they're beached:
> ‘There’s also the Basel Convention, which is on the trans-boundary movements of hazardous wastes, such as end-of-life vessels.’ The problem is that a vessel only counts as hazardous waste once the company announces its intention to dispose of it. ‘It’s very easy for ship owners to simply claim that they’re on an operational voyage, sail all the way to India, Bangladesh and Pakistan, and only then declare that the vessel is actually heading for scrap. It makes it impossible to enforce that piece of law.
> ‘There’s also the Basel Convention, which is on the trans-boundary movements of hazardous wastes, such as end-of-life vessels.’ The problem is that a vessel only counts as hazardous waste once the company announces its intention to dispose of it. ‘It’s very easy for ship owners to simply claim that they’re on an operational voyage, sail all the way to India, Bangladesh and Pakistan, and only then declare that the vessel is actually heading for scrap. It makes it impossible to enforce that piece of law.
But they all know what’s going to happen when they sell to the scrappers. It’s disgusting and should be illegal.
You build it, you recycle it in a way that isn't detrimental to the health and safety of humans. That should be the (international) law.
Any long-term commitments can be potentially worked around via bankrupcy. As long as we allow companies to take the full responsibility for consequences of their actions, and completely absolve their owners, the system will not work that great.
No profit in eliminating foreign externalities. Your faith in capitalist law and liberal democracy reforming these problems is curious
It's unenforceable regardless.
You think some poor African nation cares about worker safety and environmental issues when half of their population can barely get enough to eat?
Hell, they barely have control over their own country let alone enforcing environmental or worker regulations.
You think some poor African nation cares about worker safety and environmental issues when half of their population can barely get enough to eat?
Hell, they barely have control over their own country let alone enforcing environmental or worker regulations.
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I'm sure you could just contrive an accidental sinking, or even better have the ship taken by "pirates" who happen to leave some cash in the lifeboats with the dispossessed.
need to collect that cash as evidence
Seems like you'd have to just outright ban selling it to foreign owners?
Otherwise someone will make a "legitimate" business in a country that doesn't ban selling to (non-compliant) scrappers, whose job in life is to purchase old ships and sell them to scrappers. Maybe hanging on to them for a bit first to make it slightly less blatant...
Otherwise someone will make a "legitimate" business in a country that doesn't ban selling to (non-compliant) scrappers, whose job in life is to purchase old ships and sell them to scrappers. Maybe hanging on to them for a bit first to make it slightly less blatant...
That seems like a lot of money.
Is it more horrifying than them starving to death though or doing some worse job? I agree the conditions sound horrible, but it's still bringing jobs and money. Is making it illegal or uneconomical going to result in a better quality of life for the people that work there and their families?
My dad is from near Chittagong. I think it’s a thousand percent better for Bangladesh to do this dirty work to build a real economy of its own, instead of depending on European countries for hand outs. It’s not like america didn’t have kids working in coal mines when it was in an early stage of development.
I think the point is that the corps should have to pay to keep their workers and the environment safe
To me this is first order thinking. If paying to keep workers and the environment safe means developing countries are denied work and resources, is that actually better? The simplistic "dangerous work is bad" analysis doesn't account for the upside compared with not bringing this work to the subcontinent. And the solutions seem to ignore the downside of shutting down or rendering economically unviable the shipbreaking yards. There's certainly going to be a gradual pathway to improving working conditions, but I think it has to be gradual and deliberate, or it's just going to shut the current workers out.
More regulation always favors big companies. A bad end point would be where Indian and Bangladeshi shipyards are regulated out of existence and established companies that can do lots of paperwork get to benefit from a regulatory regime that makes them mandatory. That's where is is likely to head when the problem is considered in a shallow way
More regulation always favors big companies. A bad end point would be where Indian and Bangladeshi shipyards are regulated out of existence and established companies that can do lots of paperwork get to benefit from a regulatory regime that makes them mandatory. That's where is is likely to head when the problem is considered in a shallow way
This looks deep at one side, and fully ignores the other. Think about the consequences of not improving safety - personally a lot of poor people will be hurt, either resulting in them having to be supported by their family, or more likely simply dying, and structurally you're not encouraging any change in these conditions. By allowing the workers to be made to work in unsafe conditions you'll reduce cost and prices, but you won't have an incentive to develop safer ways to process everything, since the unsafe way is allowed and way cheaper!
> More regulation always favors big companies.
Is there actual research into this? I see this religiously repeated by a lot of people, but I somehow never see actual data to support it.
> More regulation always favors big companies.
Is there actual research into this? I see this religiously repeated by a lot of people, but I somehow never see actual data to support it.
Why not just break the ships up in Western countries then? For Western countries to impose their safety and environmental regulations on other countries is denying them their sovereignty. The whole system of growth of nations and their economies is built on the fact that developing countries don't have to play by the same rules until they want to, or they have something to lose (in a reciprocal fashion, like with IP rights). In a trade regime, they're supposed to be punished when they engage in mercantilism, not self-sacrifice.
These aren’t the workers of any western corporations.
They aren't but that's really semantics. It's labor being used by these western corporations. You are explicitly responsible for the labor you directly source but you are also implicitly responsible for the labor you source through the services/products you purchase.
Outsourcing labor intensive work to lower income regions is almost universally a good thing but that doesn't mean that western corporations shouldn't be held liable for that outsourced labor. What needs to change is that corporations need to be required to perform due diligence that the work they contract out is meeting at least some established international labor standard (likely a lower standard than the country the western corp is operating out of has).
In the case of ship breaking, what needs to change is that any western corporation that owns and/or operates a ship during the last few years of its life needs to be held directly responsible for that ship until after it has been scrapped. They can contract the work out and all that but they should not be able to sell the ship off to a scrapper in the last few months of its life and wash their hands of their responsibility.
How long that last few years should be probably needs to be class dependent and you should probably be able to push off that "last few years" time window with a re-certification process (i.e. showing the ship still has at least x years of life on it).
If western countries actually held their corporations liable and stopped them from blindly pawning off work, they could drag up labor standards in other countries without depriving those countries of the outsourced work that their economies are heavily supplemented by.
Outsourcing labor intensive work to lower income regions is almost universally a good thing but that doesn't mean that western corporations shouldn't be held liable for that outsourced labor. What needs to change is that corporations need to be required to perform due diligence that the work they contract out is meeting at least some established international labor standard (likely a lower standard than the country the western corp is operating out of has).
In the case of ship breaking, what needs to change is that any western corporation that owns and/or operates a ship during the last few years of its life needs to be held directly responsible for that ship until after it has been scrapped. They can contract the work out and all that but they should not be able to sell the ship off to a scrapper in the last few months of its life and wash their hands of their responsibility.
How long that last few years should be probably needs to be class dependent and you should probably be able to push off that "last few years" time window with a re-certification process (i.e. showing the ship still has at least x years of life on it).
If western countries actually held their corporations liable and stopped them from blindly pawning off work, they could drag up labor standards in other countries without depriving those countries of the outsourced work that their economies are heavily supplemented by.
Shouldn't it be a Bangladeshi government responsibility to make sure that their companies aren't abusing their workers? And, if the government doesn't care, why should foreign governments intervene? That sounds like a return of patronising colonialism.
It should be the business of other countries too, because their workers have to compete with Bangladeshi workers. It's harder for a German shipyard worker to tell the boss to pound sand when asked to do something needlessly dangerous without the right gear if their job can easily be moved somewhere where worker safety is just not a consideration at all.
Therefore German workers should use their government to stop this practice using whatever levers they have, which mainly means going after German companies.
Not to mention that forcing companies to internalize the full cost of breaking up ships safely will put pressure on shipbuilding firms to design ships that are easier to break up, probably increasing full-lifecycle efficiency without anyone needing to risk their life for a couple tons of scrap metal.
Therefore German workers should use their government to stop this practice using whatever levers they have, which mainly means going after German companies.
Not to mention that forcing companies to internalize the full cost of breaking up ships safely will put pressure on shipbuilding firms to design ships that are easier to break up, probably increasing full-lifecycle efficiency without anyone needing to risk their life for a couple tons of scrap metal.
But then this really isn't about the safety of Bangladeshi workers, but protecting German jobs.
It's about protecting German workers' safety, not just "German jobs". They're inseparable goals. One abused worker is a threat to all workers.
Anyway yeah, realistically, the reason rich-world workers should care about poor-world worker safety is because it's in their material interests: They will be forced to do unsafe things at work, or else face being fired/laid off and the company will move the work to locales where (expensive) worker safety isn't done.
Anyway yeah, realistically, the reason rich-world workers should care about poor-world worker safety is because it's in their material interests: They will be forced to do unsafe things at work, or else face being fired/laid off and the company will move the work to locales where (expensive) worker safety isn't done.
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Right? Like those people in China who were so happy to break, split, sort and burn the plastic waste we used to send them back in the day. Why don’t they want it anymore? They should have been grateful. At least they had jobs. Otherwise who knows what they would have been doing! /s
This is not what the grandparent is saying. The typical situation is not that people are forced to do the work. We're not talking about slavery* here.
They are doing it because they see it as their "best option". By stopping it, the result is their "best option" is taken away from them, and they have to go do the next "best option". You could keep saying "this is inhuman, let's stop it from happening", but the effect is just making it worse and worse. Instead, better options should be provided. That's the real solution, but it's a whole lot harder to implement than the knee jerk response of stopping an activity.
edit to preempt ridiculous interpretations of my words: This is assuming slavery is not the case. If slavery is involved, it is a different situation to what i am talking about.
They are doing it because they see it as their "best option". By stopping it, the result is their "best option" is taken away from them, and they have to go do the next "best option". You could keep saying "this is inhuman, let's stop it from happening", but the effect is just making it worse and worse. Instead, better options should be provided. That's the real solution, but it's a whole lot harder to implement than the knee jerk response of stopping an activity.
edit to preempt ridiculous interpretations of my words: This is assuming slavery is not the case. If slavery is involved, it is a different situation to what i am talking about.
> This is not what the grandparent is saying. The typical situation is not that people are forced to do the work. We're not talking about slavery* here.
> They are doing it because they see it as their "best option". By stopping it, the result is their "best option" is taken away from them, and they have to go do the next "best option".
Exactly. I know what the gp said. It was the same with those in China. The West didn’t force anybody in China using slavery to take that plastic. They were happily buying it. It was the “best option under given circumstances” for those who were doing it. Whole families built businesses on it.
> They are doing it because they see it as their "best option". By stopping it, the result is their "best option" is taken away from them, and they have to go do the next "best option".
Exactly. I know what the gp said. It was the same with those in China. The West didn’t force anybody in China using slavery to take that plastic. They were happily buying it. It was the “best option under given circumstances” for those who were doing it. Whole families built businesses on it.
Oh right, sorry! Ironically I misunderstood what you were saying :facepalm:
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And it would be really easy to regulate this issue away. Pass a law in the EU or US that stipulates that ship owners AND the shipping companies that contract them have to perform due diligence on the end of life value chain of their vessels. AND make it possible for foreign nationals to sue these companies in U.S./EU courts if this due diligence hasn’t been done for damages due to injury or environmental damage.
Hmm, so how would that work if the ship changes hands multiple times. And might end up in it multi-decade service life in hands of some bankrupted entity? Original buyer being responsible of also decommissioning? What if they get restructured or cease to exist?
If at each transaction the prior owner would have to do serious due diligence on the likelihood of the next owner to dispose of the ship sustainably and would be liable for the method of the due diligence, it would preclude unreliable owners from ever buying the ship. And in well regulated economies, going bankrupt is not actually a license to ignore your corporate responsibilities. Owners and executives retain personal liability until the entity is actually dissolved, including assets like ships.
This is actually how we do a lot of regulation quite successfully, when we care about the outcome. There is not actually a government regulator sitting on every assembly line of every factory. Companies mostly self certify that they adhere to regulation and face steep liability if they don’t.
This is actually how we do a lot of regulation quite successfully, when we care about the outcome. There is not actually a government regulator sitting on every assembly line of every factory. Companies mostly self certify that they adhere to regulation and face steep liability if they don’t.
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You can actually see it on Google Earth if you put in the coordinates for the city of Alang in the Gulf of Khambhat:
https://goo.gl/maps/Tk2sqMP6aHFVME1BA (warning: Maps is not as good as Google Earth view, especially on mobile)
> even the asbestos will be resold
This is a surprise. Who's in the market for some second hand asbestos?
21°23'37"N 72°10'40"E
https://goo.gl/maps/Tk2sqMP6aHFVME1BA (warning: Maps is not as good as Google Earth view, especially on mobile)
> even the asbestos will be resold
This is a surprise. Who's in the market for some second hand asbestos?
Asbestos is still used to make chlorine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloralkali_process
Interesting - you can actually go inside one of the ships with Google Street View: https://www.google.com/maps/@21.3919514,72.1752099,3a,75y,12...
Holy cow, that's surprising. Does street view take user submissions or how is this possible?
I did the same as you and looked it up on Google Maps. I was surprised however that I couldn't find the same in Chittagong. I see a huge array of ships lined up offshore, but I didn't see the same obvious shipbreaking beaches that I saw in Alang.
Where should I be looking for those?
Where should I be looking for those?
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This looks like some: 22.4378877,91.7304332
Does anyone know what these enormous spheres are here at the coordinates above? https://goo.gl/maps/EFTHmARb1MSks94q7
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My guess would be LNG tanks.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNG_carrier
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNG_carrier
> First, the tank must be 'inerted' to eliminate the risk of explosion. An inert gas plant burns diesel in air to produce a mixture of gases (typically less than 5% O2 and about 13% CO2 plus N2). This is blown into the tanks until the oxygen level is below 4%.
> Next, the vessel goes into port to "gas-up" and "cool-down", as one still cannot load directly into the tank: The CO2 will freeze and damage the pumps and the cold shock could damage the tank's pump column.
> LNG is brought onto the vessel and taken along the spray line to the main vaporiser, which boils off the liquid into gas. This is then warmed up to roughly 20 °C (68 °F) in the gas heaters and then blown into the tanks to displace the "inert gas". This continues until all the CO2 is removed from the tanks. Initially, the IG (inert gas) is vented to atmosphere. Once the hydrocarbon content reaches 5% (lower flammability range of methane) the inert gas is redirected to shore via a pipeline and manifold connection by the HD (high duty) compressors. The shore terminal then burns this vapour to avoid the dangers of having large amounts of hydrocarbons present which may explode.
> Now the vessel is gassed up and warm. The tanks are still at ambient temperature and are full of methane.
> The next stage is cool-down. LNG is sprayed into the tanks via spray heads, which vaporises and starts to cool the tank. The excess gas is again blown ashore to be re-liquified or burned at a flare stack. Once the tanks reach about −140 °C (−220 °F) the tanks are ready to bulk load.
Wow, that's a whole lot of burning of hydrocarbons just to get the LNG into the tanker. How much does this overall add to the lifecycle carbon emissions of natural gas for electricity?
> Next, the vessel goes into port to "gas-up" and "cool-down", as one still cannot load directly into the tank: The CO2 will freeze and damage the pumps and the cold shock could damage the tank's pump column.
> LNG is brought onto the vessel and taken along the spray line to the main vaporiser, which boils off the liquid into gas. This is then warmed up to roughly 20 °C (68 °F) in the gas heaters and then blown into the tanks to displace the "inert gas". This continues until all the CO2 is removed from the tanks. Initially, the IG (inert gas) is vented to atmosphere. Once the hydrocarbon content reaches 5% (lower flammability range of methane) the inert gas is redirected to shore via a pipeline and manifold connection by the HD (high duty) compressors. The shore terminal then burns this vapour to avoid the dangers of having large amounts of hydrocarbons present which may explode.
> Now the vessel is gassed up and warm. The tanks are still at ambient temperature and are full of methane.
> The next stage is cool-down. LNG is sprayed into the tanks via spray heads, which vaporises and starts to cool the tank. The excess gas is again blown ashore to be re-liquified or burned at a flare stack. Once the tanks reach about −140 °C (−220 °F) the tanks are ready to bulk load.
Wow, that's a whole lot of burning of hydrocarbons just to get the LNG into the tanker. How much does this overall add to the lifecycle carbon emissions of natural gas for electricity?
From what it looks like that's some ten kilometers or 6,2 miles of scrapping beach, crazy.
They're probably putting it in climbing chalk or something.
Theyre still allowed to put it in brake pads in the US.
Wow, that's been banned for two decades here...
From what I understand, auto manufacturers are not using asbestos anymore but the cheap Chinese replacement brake pads might.
The author Paolo Bacigalupi has a great sci-fi story set in the Gulf Coast of the near future, centering on a teenage boy who works as the titular Ship Breaker [1].
Even though it is technically “young adult” fiction, I found plenty to enjoy for this middle-aged reader.
His novel The Water Knife is also excellent and more “grown up.”
[1] https://windupstories.com/books/ship-breaker/
Even though it is technically “young adult” fiction, I found plenty to enjoy for this middle-aged reader.
His novel The Water Knife is also excellent and more “grown up.”
[1] https://windupstories.com/books/ship-breaker/
I enjoyed ship breaker too. Didn't realise it was the first of a trilogy. The windup girl was good too, although I found the coal power and other steampunk stuff a little distracting.
+1000 for The Water Knife, just excellent.
Bacigalupi wrote another book called Pump Six and Other Stories. If you enjoy scrappunk then the story "The People of Sand and Slag" from that collection is pretty good.
I don't know the solution to modern ship breaking, but I think we have it in us to be better. We don't want to be the people of sand and slag. Let's instead be characters from a Becky Chambers novel.
Bacigalupi wrote another book called Pump Six and Other Stories. If you enjoy scrappunk then the story "The People of Sand and Slag" from that collection is pretty good.
I don't know the solution to modern ship breaking, but I think we have it in us to be better. We don't want to be the people of sand and slag. Let's instead be characters from a Becky Chambers novel.
Photographer Edward Burtynski has taken astounding photos of this stuff: https://www.edwardburtynsky.com/projects/photographs/shipbre...
Does anyone have reliable data on this ? The articles states Alang ships breaking currently employed 15k people for 75% of global market. En Wikipedia source [0] says 30% for 2020 and hope for 60 in the future.
0 https://m.economictimes.com/industry/transportation/shipping...
0 https://m.economictimes.com/industry/transportation/shipping...
The article does not state Alang breaks 75% of ships, it says "about 75% of [ships] end up in one of the three beaches in South Asia." Presumably these three beaches are Alang, India; Gadani, Pakistan; and Chittagong, Bangladesh mentioned earlier in the article.
Didn’t read wisely, thank to point this out.
Why waste time.. when you can sink it in the sea :P
https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-sinks-rusting-...
https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-sinks-rusting-...
>>"The sinking of the aircraft carrier Sao Paulo throws tons of asbestos, mercury, lead and other highly toxic substances into the seabed," Greenpeace said in a statement. It accused Brazil's Navy of neglecting the protection of the oceans.
>>Greenpeace said the sinking violated the Basel Convention, the London Convention on the prevention of marine pollution, and the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants.
Because of that?
>>Greenpeace said the sinking violated the Basel Convention, the London Convention on the prevention of marine pollution, and the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants.
Because of that?
Apart from liquids that can be pumped out, is there much in terms of environmental hazard on an average ship? Or just a bunch of slowly corroding metal?
The article mentions heavy metals and asbestos, at the minimum.
Is any of that known to leech out to sea water in amounts dangerous to anything, or at least significant relative to natural trace content?
(Pretty sure it doesn't)
(Pretty sure it doesn't)
Probably not asbestos, but lead and other heavy-metal leaching would probably depend on local water conditions.
Where would these be used in an average ship, or any ship in particular?
Lead is naturally found in sea water within 2-30 ppb.
To raise global lead concentration by 1 ppb you need to dump a few billion tons of lead.
It's often said that solution to pollution is dilution.
Lead is naturally found in sea water within 2-30 ppb.
To raise global lead concentration by 1 ppb you need to dump a few billion tons of lead.
It's often said that solution to pollution is dilution.
Anti-fouling paint used to have a lot of lead in. I think it might be other heavy metals now.
I’m not sure how quickly things diffuse deep in the ocean, but I would guess quite slowly.
I’m not sure how quickly things diffuse deep in the ocean, but I would guess quite slowly.
We have dunped so much mercury into the ocean, that you can get poisoning if you eat tuna too often
Wrong, it's about the food chain concentrating mostly natural mercury in long-lived predator species.
>Mercury is an element the emissions of which from its natural sources exceed its anthropogenic emissions.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5013138/
>Mercury is an element the emissions of which from its natural sources exceed its anthropogenic emissions.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5013138/
Lots of video of these operations on YouTube. Some of it is shot clandestinely because the ship breakers don’t want the working conditions to be public.
> ‘When you’re torch-cutting a vessel, the anti-fouling paints, which contain large amounts of heavy metals, will also heat up and release toxic fumes,’ Jenssen adds.
Anti-fouling paints contain copper.
Anti-fouling paints contain copper.
Copper is a heavy metal and makes lots of toxic compounds.
Talk about a dystopian industry. Working conditions look very bad.
And from the pics, the workers are all barefooted, they must get lots of injuries from scrap metal all over the beach.
And from the pics, the workers are all barefooted, they must get lots of injuries from scrap metal all over the beach.
After thinking about this for a while the answer I've come up with is to remove the bottom from the market.
Robots. Robots are the only answer because when there's a profit to be made some crook will figure out a place it's legal to make it. So I guess robots or ending capitalism. Though I've heard the latter devolved into abuse of power rather than money in the major example that comes to my mind.
Robots. Robots are the only answer because when there's a profit to be made some crook will figure out a place it's legal to make it. So I guess robots or ending capitalism. Though I've heard the latter devolved into abuse of power rather than money in the major example that comes to my mind.
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That's... not how that works. So, archive link: https://archive.is/hAaYD
That's... not how that works. So, archive link: https://archive.is/hAaYD
One of the most morally repugnant parts of the Western legal system is the creation of the labyrinthine corporate structures used to to protect the ship owners for any liability as part of their ships being broken.