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Gossip protocol (also called epidemic protocol) is a decentralized communication pattern where nodes share information by randomly selecting peers and exchanging state at regular intervals. Each node picks a small number of random peers (typically 1 to 3) every second and shares its view of the cluster. Information spreads exponentially, reaching all nodes in O(log N) rounds. It is used for cluster membership, failure detection, and state propagation in systems like Cassandra, Consul, and DynamoDB.