You can construct formal proofs about a TLA+ spec, using the "TLA proof system" (TLAPS). Or, you can verify properties for "bounded models" of your spec via brute force.
The latter is much less overhead, so it's good to use bounded models (with the TLC model checker) to become confident in the spec, then construct proofs if warranted.
While this does not answer your question, which I find interesting, it seems pretty sensible that you'd want to explore this option even if you are planting lots of trees. Doubly so if it's viable as a business venture, since that's a strong signal that it's cost effective.
As jsantos511 said many times, we need more shots on goal!
That's the classical birthday "paradox" but that's not what happened here.
Here, a random person in the room announced their birthday, and the question is whether someone else in the room shares that birthday. It's a very different situation, where I'm guessing you need around a thousand people for it to be very likely that their birthdays coincide, compared to the twenty or so for the birthday paradox.
It might be the case that the relevant, practical threshold now tightens. For example, perhaps it is easier to experimentally verify a protein shape predicted by an algorithm than it is to experimentally determine the protein shape?
I'd actually recommend buying from a local shop for your first bike, if there's a good one close by. The warranty service, plus discounts on gear and free tune ups, will be worth about as much as the discount on a DTC bike.
Giant is a good value brand. They make a lot of components in house, so you get cheaper, "good enough" handlebars etc.
In that brand, I'd recommend a used trance 29 or a new trance x 29, depending on your budget. I'm happy to talk about bikes for days!
Trek, Norco, Rocky mountain are also good value. Just about any modern trail bike is excellent.
You could program the rules of the state channel used to provide payment exactly for the piece of the torrent provided. Like you point out, that would use a trusted third party to implement a fair exchange.
We considered doing that, but like you also point out, if you had to sign each piece of the torrent, it would slow throughput to a crawl.
You tell them the same thing regardless of the outcome of the test.
The 80% of the time it returns positive, you tell the epidemiologist, and they prevent a few further infections by investigating close personal contacts.