excessive

    88, 89, 8A, 8B, 8C, 8E, A0, A1, A2, A3, B0, B8, C6, C7

    __attribute__ ((format (printf, 1, 2))) 
    static inline std::string format(const char* fmt, ...) {
        va_list args;
        va_start(args, fmt);
        size_t bytes = vsnprintf(0, 0, fmt, args);
        va_end(args);
    
        va_list again;
        va_start(again, fmt);
        std::string result(bytes, '\0');
        vsnprintf(&result[0], bytes + 1, fmt, again);
        va_end(again);
        return result;
    }

    a = 0
    def doit():
        print(a)
        a = 1
    doit()
    doit()

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EK32jo7i5LQ