This is a straw man. Even if the top richest people paid an additional 16 billion in taxes that would run the gov for like a day. Our problem is with spending.
Transformers are just pattern matching. So if you write "give me a list of dog names" it knows that "Spot" should be in that result set. Even though it doesn't really know what a dog is, a list is, or what a spot is.
Probably was the porthole. It looks like the view port was rated for 1,300 meters. (They were descending to 4,000 meters) An engineer even warned them of the issue, and was fired. I suppose they didn't want to spend the money to develop an adequate one.