Paywalling the laws of the universe(authorea.com)
authorea.com
Paywalling the laws of the universe
https://www.authorea.com/users/101586/articles/124967/_show_article
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I am not a lawyer.
Boltzmann died September 5, 1906. The US copyright on anything for which he was the author expired on September 5, 1976 as I understand it.
Similarly, all Euler's works should be public domain.
Euler's work is in the public domain. You can download the 1755 publication with Euler's transformation from the Internet Archive here: https://archive.org/details/institutionesca00eulegoog
That and much more is also downloadable from the MAA's Euler Archive: http://eulerarchive.maa.org
Note that Euler generally did not write in English. His math was usually published in Latin. If you want to read it in English, you need a translation. Although the underlying work is public domain, the translation may still be under copyright. The particular translation that the site links to was done in 2000, and so is still under copyright.
That and much more is also downloadable from the MAA's Euler Archive: http://eulerarchive.maa.org
Note that Euler generally did not write in English. His math was usually published in Latin. If you want to read it in English, you need a translation. Although the underlying work is public domain, the translation may still be under copyright. The particular translation that the site links to was done in 2000, and so is still under copyright.
This is a super frustrating phenomenon given that more recent work was typically funded publicly in some way...
Nit: I'm not sure if I'd call Black-Scholes a law of the universe
Nit: I'm not sure if I'd call Black-Scholes a law of the universe
I'm not entirely sure how copyright works, but does this imply someone has the exclusive right to Boltzmann en Schrödinger's articles? 142 years seems way beyond any term limit
It's the life of the Author plus 70 years. So in theory, if you wrote an article when you were 20, and died at 92, the copyright would last 142 years. Also it gets extended every so often to protect the mouse, so for all intents and purposes it's indefinite.
That said, Boltzmann died in 1906, so even under this ridiculous system, it should have expired by now. However that doesn't mean it they can't put it behind a paywall. You can charge money for public domain works.
That said, Boltzmann died in 1906, so even under this ridiculous system, it should have expired by now. However that doesn't mean it they can't put it behind a paywall. You can charge money for public domain works.
> Also it gets extended every so often to protect the mouse [...]
I'm not sure twice really counts as "every so often".
The first was part of the Copyright Act of 1976. That extended the term from 28 years with the possibility of one 28 year renewal to life of the author + 50 years, or to a fixed term of 75 years for anonymous works and for works made for hire.
While Disney certainly was in favor of this change, the driving force behind the 1976 Act, and its term extension, was to bring US copyright law into closer agreement with that of most of the rest of the world in anticipation of the US joining the Berne Convention. Berne required a minimum of life of author + 50 years.
Many (most?) other countries don't seem to have the notion of a "work for hire" in the sense that the US does. In the US, when an employee creates a work as part of their job the employer is the author for copyright purposes and is the sole owner of the work. Outside the US, the employee is the owner of the copyright, and all the employer might get is a license to use the work.
Because the author, not the employer, retains copyright, most of the world doesn't need a separate term for corporate works. In the US, where the corporation is the author, life + 50 years could be indefinite since the life of a corporation is indefinite. Hence, the need for a fixed term for corporate works. If you want that to approximate the effective term of corporate works in the rest of the world, 75 years seems reasonable. I would guess that most of the time it works out to shorter than it would be if it were life of the human who actually made the work + 50 years.
The second was the Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998, which changed the term to life + 70 years for non-corporate works, and for corporate works to either 95 years after publication or 120 years after creation (whichever was shorter). Disney pushed for this change, although a big part of what sold it to Congress was again bringing the US into alignment with others, specifically with Europe which had gone from life + 50 to life + 70 with the "Directive harmonising the term of protection of copyright and certain related rights" in 1993.
I'm not sure twice really counts as "every so often".
The first was part of the Copyright Act of 1976. That extended the term from 28 years with the possibility of one 28 year renewal to life of the author + 50 years, or to a fixed term of 75 years for anonymous works and for works made for hire.
While Disney certainly was in favor of this change, the driving force behind the 1976 Act, and its term extension, was to bring US copyright law into closer agreement with that of most of the rest of the world in anticipation of the US joining the Berne Convention. Berne required a minimum of life of author + 50 years.
Many (most?) other countries don't seem to have the notion of a "work for hire" in the sense that the US does. In the US, when an employee creates a work as part of their job the employer is the author for copyright purposes and is the sole owner of the work. Outside the US, the employee is the owner of the copyright, and all the employer might get is a license to use the work.
Because the author, not the employer, retains copyright, most of the world doesn't need a separate term for corporate works. In the US, where the corporation is the author, life + 50 years could be indefinite since the life of a corporation is indefinite. Hence, the need for a fixed term for corporate works. If you want that to approximate the effective term of corporate works in the rest of the world, 75 years seems reasonable. I would guess that most of the time it works out to shorter than it would be if it were life of the human who actually made the work + 50 years.
The second was the Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998, which changed the term to life + 70 years for non-corporate works, and for corporate works to either 95 years after publication or 120 years after creation (whichever was shorter). Disney pushed for this change, although a big part of what sold it to Congress was again bringing the US into alignment with others, specifically with Europe which had gone from life + 50 to life + 70 with the "Directive harmonising the term of protection of copyright and certain related rights" in 1993.
I think you may be referring to US copyright law as opposed to European (which I thought was more lenient and should govern Boltzmann's work).
I think it's like sheet music that is in the public domain, they use the threat of legal action and strictly control access as a means of maintaining some revenues...
I think it's like sheet music that is in the public domain, they use the threat of legal action and strictly control access as a means of maintaining some revenues...
Sure but I can just go to the Wiki page for Information Theory and see the relevant information. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory
I guess "Paywalling" means click a link that says "paywall" and view the entire pdf for free.
I understand that this is the law, and seems like a law to be worked around and a fine time for piracy to do something useful.
It's ridiculous that copyright lasts so long. At least for nonfiction works, copyright should expire after a relatively short amount of time. There is no benefit to society by looking these great works behind paywalls.