I maybe didn't express it clearly. Translations started before Christian rule, and continue and were formalized under Christian rule, being King Alfonso one main promoter and actually had Muslims, Jews and Christians translators.
King Alfonso promoted what Raymund of Toledo started, the former school, and for example the Toledan tables where later updated through the Alfonsine tables[1]. Your example of translation by Gerard of Cremona was under the bishop, not under Muslim rule. I am not neglecting the immense knowledge combined of Latin/Greek to Arab and Al-Andalus scholars, Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel) was fundamental and a very important Muslim scholar, who was born and lived in Toledo. I was trying to add the fact that translation was further done under Castilian rule.
Some inaccuracies, maybe not relevant, but for any reading. Toledo in 1085 was not part of an empire, was a small Taifa kingdom, [1]. Also, Spain didn't exist as political entity, and it won't until the marriage of Isabel and Fernando and conquer of Granada, forming modern Spain.
Reconquista is not viewed as an actual historical movement during medieval times, check your own link, it was a 19th century build up nationalistic view. Iberian medieval times are complicated. Dark ages is also a not very used concept anymore, from your own link.
There was 800 years of Muslim rule in some parts of the peninsula, but what that implies compared to America is not clear to me. The Iberian peninsula has been settled with plenty of European, north-African, and middle-east ancestry in current Spaniards[3,4]. Spain (and Portugal also in the Iberian Peninsula :-) ) is the result of this mix, including Tartasso, Iberian, Roman, Al-Andalus, Asturias, ... not a independent entity from them.
Beyond the facts corrected by other user, graemep, the translator school was in fact established after the christian kingdom of Castile conquer the city of Toledo, and the king Alfonso X [1], actually is what is studied as main promoter of it. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_School_of_Translator
Then, first heliocentrism with some approximations of size and distance, as far as I know was Aristarchus of Samos, but there is not much that we know about it.
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos
King Alfonso promoted what Raymund of Toledo started, the former school, and for example the Toledan tables where later updated through the Alfonsine tables[1]. Your example of translation by Gerard of Cremona was under the bishop, not under Muslim rule. I am not neglecting the immense knowledge combined of Latin/Greek to Arab and Al-Andalus scholars, Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel) was fundamental and a very important Muslim scholar, who was born and lived in Toledo. I was trying to add the fact that translation was further done under Castilian rule.
Some inaccuracies, maybe not relevant, but for any reading. Toledo in 1085 was not part of an empire, was a small Taifa kingdom, [1]. Also, Spain didn't exist as political entity, and it won't until the marriage of Isabel and Fernando and conquer of Granada, forming modern Spain.
Reconquista is not viewed as an actual historical movement during medieval times, check your own link, it was a 19th century build up nationalistic view. Iberian medieval times are complicated. Dark ages is also a not very used concept anymore, from your own link.
There was 800 years of Muslim rule in some parts of the peninsula, but what that implies compared to America is not clear to me. The Iberian peninsula has been settled with plenty of European, north-African, and middle-east ancestry in current Spaniards[3,4]. Spain (and Portugal also in the Iberian Peninsula :-) ) is the result of this mix, including Tartasso, Iberian, Roman, Al-Andalus, Asturias, ... not a independent entity from them.
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonsine_tables [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Toledo [3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos [4] The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula doi://10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007