It looks like the benchmarks used the latest versions of Delta and Iceberg, but chose a version of Hudi that is over 6 months old. Hudi v0.12.2 is more advanced than v0.12.0 which the benchmark did not consider. As the Databricks CIDR paper states, and as mentioned in the Onehouse article, Hudi by default is optimized for UPSERTs vs INSERTs and is a 1-line config change that is appropriate for a true apples-apples comparison. See both: https://www.onehouse.ai/blog/apache-hudi-vs-delta-lake-trans... and https://github.com/brooklyn-data/delta/pull/2