The rich are hoarding economic growth(vox.com)
vox.com
The rich are hoarding economic growth
https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/8/8/16112368/piketty-saez-zucman-income-growth-inequality-stagnation-chart
156 comments
For every problem there is a solution which is simple, elegant, and completely wrong.
So here's my attempt:
1. Remove subsidies including tax writeoffs like depreciation. Either an asset brings value or it doesn't.
2. Tax revenue not profits. Either you make a profit selling a thing or you don't. Fancy tricks like buying an item from a fully owned subsidiary and selling it at a loss to compensate for profits from services is not realising the value your services and products bring to the economy
3. Change the paradigm from employees serve the company to companies serve the employees. Companies are a way to insulate participants from economic risk of a capital-intensive activity, not a way to structure tax affairs.
Edited for formatting
So here's my attempt:
1. Remove subsidies including tax writeoffs like depreciation. Either an asset brings value or it doesn't.
2. Tax revenue not profits. Either you make a profit selling a thing or you don't. Fancy tricks like buying an item from a fully owned subsidiary and selling it at a loss to compensate for profits from services is not realising the value your services and products bring to the economy
3. Change the paradigm from employees serve the company to companies serve the employees. Companies are a way to insulate participants from economic risk of a capital-intensive activity, not a way to structure tax affairs.
Edited for formatting
For a detailed counterpoint to your #2, see this analysis: https://www.cbpp.org/research/illinois-proposed-gross-receip...
> One potential problem with a GRT is its impact on high-volume, low-profit margin businesses, for which the tax can represent a high percentage of potential profits. Another potential problem is that a GRT favors businesses that conduct most operations in-house over businesses that purchase intermediate goods and services from other firms, since the tax is imposed each time a business purchases inputs from an outside firm. (This latter problem is called “pyramiding.”) Illinois can address both of these problems, however, by allowing businesses to subtract the cost of goods purchased from other companies from the gross receipts subject to the tax.
Which, whether you call it a deduction or a simplification of the way corporate income tax is currently based on profits now, brings us back to square one.
> One potential problem with a GRT is its impact on high-volume, low-profit margin businesses, for which the tax can represent a high percentage of potential profits. Another potential problem is that a GRT favors businesses that conduct most operations in-house over businesses that purchase intermediate goods and services from other firms, since the tax is imposed each time a business purchases inputs from an outside firm. (This latter problem is called “pyramiding.”) Illinois can address both of these problems, however, by allowing businesses to subtract the cost of goods purchased from other companies from the gross receipts subject to the tax.
Which, whether you call it a deduction or a simplification of the way corporate income tax is currently based on profits now, brings us back to square one.
>Remove subsidies including tax writeoffs like depreciation. Either an asset brings value or it doesn't.
Are you familiar with the reason the concept of depreciation exists in tax law? Because profits are what the government is trying to tax. Contra your point 2, it makes no sense to tax revenue in a way that ignores expenses. You'd be taxing two businesses the same, whether or not those revenues were just eaten by expenses.
But once you're taxing profits, you need a sane model of what constitutes business profits, and which handles more than the (very atypical) case of "buy a block of stuff, then sell it for more". At any given moment, a business has inventory and capital equipment, which is not completely used up, nor sold. How should that affect profit?
When you say "don't allow depreciation writeoff", then you're saying one of two things, neither of which maps to a good model of "how much profit is this business making".
You're saying either:
1) Any capital good should be booked immediately as a pure expense. That would imply that businesses can forever defer taxable profits simply by spending all profits on such equipment. "Oops, don't owe taxes -- again -- because we bought another robot. Sorry!"
2) Any capital good should be completely non-deductible as an expense. This would mean that one class of expense somehow "doesn't count" merely because it happens over years rather than the moment you buy it (e.g. wear-down of a saw vs purchase of electricity).
Depreciation schedules do not exist as some giveaway-subsidy for capital good purchases, but to recognize the economic reality that the truth is somewhere in the middle; that a capital (durable) good does not immediately decrease profits, but does function as an expense over a longer span of time.
In an ideal world, we would have an auction to get the market value of each used capital good to know how much value the business lost as the capital good lost its value. But this would be horribly expensive and convoluted, so businesses are allowed to assume a certain schedule. The harm of such an approximation is minimal; any discrepancy between the schedule value vs the true market value is realized as income or loss when the good is sold.
tl;dr: Depreciation is not a subsidy, but a recognition of the true effect of capital good usage on a business's book value and therefore taxable quarterly profits.
Late edit: Disclaimer: not an accountant, just my understanding of the logic behind depreciation in tax law.
Are you familiar with the reason the concept of depreciation exists in tax law? Because profits are what the government is trying to tax. Contra your point 2, it makes no sense to tax revenue in a way that ignores expenses. You'd be taxing two businesses the same, whether or not those revenues were just eaten by expenses.
But once you're taxing profits, you need a sane model of what constitutes business profits, and which handles more than the (very atypical) case of "buy a block of stuff, then sell it for more". At any given moment, a business has inventory and capital equipment, which is not completely used up, nor sold. How should that affect profit?
When you say "don't allow depreciation writeoff", then you're saying one of two things, neither of which maps to a good model of "how much profit is this business making".
You're saying either:
1) Any capital good should be booked immediately as a pure expense. That would imply that businesses can forever defer taxable profits simply by spending all profits on such equipment. "Oops, don't owe taxes -- again -- because we bought another robot. Sorry!"
2) Any capital good should be completely non-deductible as an expense. This would mean that one class of expense somehow "doesn't count" merely because it happens over years rather than the moment you buy it (e.g. wear-down of a saw vs purchase of electricity).
Depreciation schedules do not exist as some giveaway-subsidy for capital good purchases, but to recognize the economic reality that the truth is somewhere in the middle; that a capital (durable) good does not immediately decrease profits, but does function as an expense over a longer span of time.
In an ideal world, we would have an auction to get the market value of each used capital good to know how much value the business lost as the capital good lost its value. But this would be horribly expensive and convoluted, so businesses are allowed to assume a certain schedule. The harm of such an approximation is minimal; any discrepancy between the schedule value vs the true market value is realized as income or loss when the good is sold.
tl;dr: Depreciation is not a subsidy, but a recognition of the true effect of capital good usage on a business's book value and therefore taxable quarterly profits.
Late edit: Disclaimer: not an accountant, just my understanding of the logic behind depreciation in tax law.
> Tax revenue not profits. Either you make a profit selling a thing or you don't. Fancy tricks like buying an item from a fully owned subsidiary and selling it at a loss to compensate for profits from services is not realising the value your services and products bring to the economy
You mean, make Apple a Chinese company because being an American one is no longer viable? A VAT would be more reasonable, as it taxes value actually added at each point in the system, rather than a flat tax on each point in the system as you are proposing.
You mean, make Apple a Chinese company because being an American one is no longer viable? A VAT would be more reasonable, as it taxes value actually added at each point in the system, rather than a flat tax on each point in the system as you are proposing.
No, stop permitting companies to give their IP to a foreign subsidiary to pay license fees that wipeout their domestic US taxable income
You mean, they should just develop their IP abroad then? Microsoft has a lot of R&D centers in china already, other companies are following suit.
Also, please say that you mean American companies, you obviously don't mean companies like SAP or infosys that the American companies compete with.
Also, please say that you mean American companies, you obviously don't mean companies like SAP or infosys that the American companies compete with.
Meat industry would collapse due to 1. Daily foods like steak, bacon, eggs, milk would get extremely expensive leaving the population to lousy unsatisfying vegetables.
Might solve the obesity epidemic :) Might also cause riots because people are not used to eating yucky foods like vegetabables.
Might solve the obesity epidemic :) Might also cause riots because people are not used to eating yucky foods like vegetabables.
Vegetables in the sense of wheat, peanuts, and such? Sure (but since these things will get processed, so I wouldn't hold out that it helps with our obesity).
Vegetables like kale and broccoli? No way. The ratio of labor and land required per produced calorie for these kinds vegetables is far too high. In addition to existing farmland, we would need to convert large amoutns of existing natural environments areas like forests into farms.
But back to your point, why would the industry collapse? Wouldn't prices just increase?
Vegetables like kale and broccoli? No way. The ratio of labor and land required per produced calorie for these kinds vegetables is far too high. In addition to existing farmland, we would need to convert large amoutns of existing natural environments areas like forests into farms.
But back to your point, why would the industry collapse? Wouldn't prices just increase?
> Wouldn't prices just increase?
Prices are already astronomically low given the subsidies. No one would pay for a $15-20 burger.
> In addition to existing farmland, we would need to convert large amoutns of existing natural environments areas like forests into farms.
https://web.archive.org/web/20081216230507/https://www.ers.u...
Well, given that the majority (more than 80%) of land is used for growing grass, wheat, soybean and corn for cattle there's no fear for vegetables.
Although soy grown for human consumption is not popular now, it's the most efficient legume there is. More protein than a steak.
This went a little bit off topic, although my point was that removing subsidies on food makes things tricky. Given that in some parts of US burger price is halved if not 20% of what it should be due to subsidies on water and corn and soybean etc.
Prices are already astronomically low given the subsidies. No one would pay for a $15-20 burger.
> In addition to existing farmland, we would need to convert large amoutns of existing natural environments areas like forests into farms.
https://web.archive.org/web/20081216230507/https://www.ers.u...
Well, given that the majority (more than 80%) of land is used for growing grass, wheat, soybean and corn for cattle there's no fear for vegetables.
Although soy grown for human consumption is not popular now, it's the most efficient legume there is. More protein than a steak.
This went a little bit off topic, although my point was that removing subsidies on food makes things tricky. Given that in some parts of US burger price is halved if not 20% of what it should be due to subsidies on water and corn and soybean etc.
> No one would pay for a $15-20 burger.
Why not? There are places in the world where burgers cost this much and people still buy them.
Why not? There are places in the world where burgers cost this much and people still buy them.
The average guy that was living on McDonalds menu won't do it every day as he does now.
[deleted]
> would be unleashed
That's the theory that the rich hoard their money in Scrooge McDuck cash vaults, keeping it out of the economy.
That's false - all of it is in the economy, via investments. Even money kept in a checking account is invested in the economy (banks loan out that money).
The only cash kept in cash vaults is the reserve that the government requires banks to keep to provide a buffer against runs on the bank.
Various times in history people have "liberated" wealth from wealthy people, and it never stimulated the economy (quite the reverse), because the wealth was already in the economy.
That's the theory that the rich hoard their money in Scrooge McDuck cash vaults, keeping it out of the economy.
That's false - all of it is in the economy, via investments. Even money kept in a checking account is invested in the economy (banks loan out that money).
The only cash kept in cash vaults is the reserve that the government requires banks to keep to provide a buffer against runs on the bank.
Various times in history people have "liberated" wealth from wealthy people, and it never stimulated the economy (quite the reverse), because the wealth was already in the economy.
> ...the rich hoard their money in Scrooge McDuck cash vaults, keeping it out of the economy.
I did NOT say that. Please don't attack a straw man!
> All of it is in the economy, via investments. Even money kept in a checking account is invested in the economy (banks loan out that money).
It's a little more complicated than that. Since the Global Financial Crisis, many central banks around the world, including the Federal Reserve, have been doing EVERYTHING and ANYTHING they can to get banks to lend more, and to get businesses and individuals to borrow more and invest more.
Yet no matter what central banks have tried, individuals and businesses are not yet investing at historical rates, as evidenced by historically high liquidity[1], historically low money velocity[2], and even negative nominal interest rates in some countries[3], which are historically unique.[4] Keynes's argument that depressionary depressions/recessions may be caused by increased 'preference' for liquidity and lack of aggregate demand could actually be right, for all I know.
Meanwhile, the evidence I've seen suggests that redistributionist policies don't seem to have an impact on economic growth. For example, see: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2014/sdn1402.pdf
So, why not try it, e.g., in the form of UBI or works programs, say, in controlled regional experiments? If it turns out that it works, great; if it doesn't work, then let's try something else.
NOTES:
[1] https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/AMBNS -- look at that jump in 2008!
[2] https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/M2V
[3] Example: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-snb-results-banks-idUSKBN...
[4] http://www.businessinsider.com/chart-5000-years-of-interest-...
I did NOT say that. Please don't attack a straw man!
> All of it is in the economy, via investments. Even money kept in a checking account is invested in the economy (banks loan out that money).
It's a little more complicated than that. Since the Global Financial Crisis, many central banks around the world, including the Federal Reserve, have been doing EVERYTHING and ANYTHING they can to get banks to lend more, and to get businesses and individuals to borrow more and invest more.
Yet no matter what central banks have tried, individuals and businesses are not yet investing at historical rates, as evidenced by historically high liquidity[1], historically low money velocity[2], and even negative nominal interest rates in some countries[3], which are historically unique.[4] Keynes's argument that depressionary depressions/recessions may be caused by increased 'preference' for liquidity and lack of aggregate demand could actually be right, for all I know.
Meanwhile, the evidence I've seen suggests that redistributionist policies don't seem to have an impact on economic growth. For example, see: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2014/sdn1402.pdf
So, why not try it, e.g., in the form of UBI or works programs, say, in controlled regional experiments? If it turns out that it works, great; if it doesn't work, then let's try something else.
NOTES:
[1] https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/AMBNS -- look at that jump in 2008!
[2] https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/M2V
[3] Example: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-snb-results-banks-idUSKBN...
[4] http://www.businessinsider.com/chart-5000-years-of-interest-...
Seignorage or negative interest rates might be a fun one too. Charge fees on stagnant cash.
There's a good explanation in the movie "It's A Wonderful Life" about what happens to the money deposited in a bank, and where it goes.
Loans create deposits. Banks are not constrained to make loans based on how much is on deposit.
> Loans create deposits
Initially, yes. But people borrow money in order to spend it, not leave it on deposit.
> not constrained
That's right, just as airlines are not constrained to keep their airplanes flying payloads. But if they don't, they are not making money.
Every time you step in a bank, they try to sell you a loan for a reason.
Initially, yes. But people borrow money in order to spend it, not leave it on deposit.
> not constrained
That's right, just as airlines are not constrained to keep their airplanes flying payloads. But if they don't, they are not making money.
Every time you step in a bank, they try to sell you a loan for a reason.
What about the Panama Papers?
We should be taxing productive activity less and income earned through simply owning things more. The balance has moved too far in the opposite direction.
I agree, and so do many economists:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgism
The distinction is that mere ownership of capital, especially common goods (such as land and natural resources) excludes other members of society from access to that resource. It does not create value, but merely holds claim to existing value, seeking rent for allowing others access to it. This should be taxed. OTOH, productive activity takes that capital, adds labor and ingenuity, and creates goods or services which benefit society--such activity should be taxed less, or not at all.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgism
The distinction is that mere ownership of capital, especially common goods (such as land and natural resources) excludes other members of society from access to that resource. It does not create value, but merely holds claim to existing value, seeking rent for allowing others access to it. This should be taxed. OTOH, productive activity takes that capital, adds labor and ingenuity, and creates goods or services which benefit society--such activity should be taxed less, or not at all.
I'd go further and tax destructive activities, such as polluting or consumption of finite resources, instead of productive activities.
This is why I'm disappointed with the current-era Republican party. There are so many things that could be solved with true market-based solutions - for example, carbon markets and other major externalities. But nearly everyone would rather ignore evidence-based solutions for ideologically correct ones.
This is true if both are unrelated.
If you tax owning things a lot, then you tell people that there is no point being very productive as savings throughs higher income go all into taxes. Then people don't have much incentive to be productive.
Most of these ideas have been tried before and you eventually arrive to picking up lesser of many evils kind of situation.
If you tax owning things a lot, then you tell people that there is no point being very productive as savings throughs higher income go all into taxes. Then people don't have much incentive to be productive.
Most of these ideas have been tried before and you eventually arrive to picking up lesser of many evils kind of situation.
Allocating ones capital (simply owning things as you say) is a productive activity in itself. Without people competing to allocate capital for higher returns, a lot of things we all love wouldn't exist.
You're correct, but I think capital may still be distinguished by the degree of value added by labor. Ownership of land and natural resources is a different form of capital than ownership of shares in an company or a factory building, but both would be considered "capital" broadly. I think the distinction is in how much labor and human ingenuity has been added to create that capital.
People should own what they create (organizations, buildings, goods, and services), but the natural geography of the world should belong to all. If one wishes to lay claim to a stretch of land, and prevent all other equally born humans from entering or making use of that land and its resources, one should pay a tax to society for that privilege.
As you say, "people competing to allocate capital for higher returns" is a great thing. However, I dispute the fact that some people should even have the right to decide how to invest their land without first paying a societal price for it (much higher than current land tax levels--high enough to cover a corresponding decrease in most other taxes on labor or production).
People should own what they create (organizations, buildings, goods, and services), but the natural geography of the world should belong to all. If one wishes to lay claim to a stretch of land, and prevent all other equally born humans from entering or making use of that land and its resources, one should pay a tax to society for that privilege.
As you say, "people competing to allocate capital for higher returns" is a great thing. However, I dispute the fact that some people should even have the right to decide how to invest their land without first paying a societal price for it (much higher than current land tax levels--high enough to cover a corresponding decrease in most other taxes on labor or production).
Current government policies penalize income (39.6% at the top bracket) and subsidize company-sponsored non-monetary benefits (health, dental, vision, meals, commuter benefits, ESPP, 401k matching, ISOs, NSOs), so not all that surprising that workers see less income and more of non-monetary benefits as a result.
The workable solution through a tax policy might include reducing the number of brackets for personal income tax, dropping personal income tax rates within those brackets, and removing deductibility of all aforementioned corporate benefits as a trade-off.
I don't see a wave of pent-up consumer demand though, as cheap and easy credit de-couples spending and earning. A lot of economists predicted boost in consumer spending as oil (and gas) prices fell over the past few years, but in reality all that spending had already taken place years before, and consumers simply used gas savings to deleverage their credit accounts. Household debt is peaking again https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/17/business/dealbook/househo... so any additional savings or boosts in earnings will likely go towards deleveraging.
The workable solution through a tax policy might include reducing the number of brackets for personal income tax, dropping personal income tax rates within those brackets, and removing deductibility of all aforementioned corporate benefits as a trade-off.
I don't see a wave of pent-up consumer demand though, as cheap and easy credit de-couples spending and earning. A lot of economists predicted boost in consumer spending as oil (and gas) prices fell over the past few years, but in reality all that spending had already taken place years before, and consumers simply used gas savings to deleverage their credit accounts. Household debt is peaking again https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/17/business/dealbook/househo... so any additional savings or boosts in earnings will likely go towards deleveraging.
It seems likely that consumer confidence has a lot to do with willingness to take on debt? So the liming factor wouldn't be availability of credit, it's what payments you think you'll be able to afford later.
In the case of student loans, that amounts to confidence in being able to find a good job to pay them off.
In the case of student loans, that amounts to confidence in being able to find a good job to pay them off.
[deleted]
The thing is that the richest could easily have 90% income garnished without even moving this chart one bit.
I think you are confusing the wealth (the richest) and the high-income individuals.
Membership in the first club is more or less permanent, while the second club has a revolving door. A bunch of members of the high-income club - employees of a high-tech startup, hedge fund managers, movie producers, inventors, lottery winners, wrongfully imprisoned individuals, victims of malfeasance or drug side effects - get one large paycheck once in their life, representing sometimes decades of work at below-market rates.
They won't have another Powerball jackpot, court settlement or a startup IPO next year.
Membership in the first club is more or less permanent, while the second club has a revolving door. A bunch of members of the high-income club - employees of a high-tech startup, hedge fund managers, movie producers, inventors, lottery winners, wrongfully imprisoned individuals, victims of malfeasance or drug side effects - get one large paycheck once in their life, representing sometimes decades of work at below-market rates.
They won't have another Powerball jackpot, court settlement or a startup IPO next year.
The core of the problem isn't any sort of tax setup, it's the foundation of our economy. The first employee of a startup usually gets less than 2% equity.
Apple made $700k per employee in a single quarter.
Our whole economy is set up to funnel money to the top. We need a new way of structuring corporations to change that.
Apple made $700k per employee in a single quarter.
Our whole economy is set up to funnel money to the top. We need a new way of structuring corporations to change that.
Or create a more widespread culture of stock ownership.
This is the key. For an economic system based on capitalism we have surprisingly few 'real' capitalists. For the vast majority of people who own company equity it is tied up in retirement funds. Our system is designed to concentrate money in the hands of those that have it to begin with. As soon as more workers outside of startups start earning equity in the companies they work for we will see the income distribution change. And I suspect we would see a massive boom in worker productivity as they directly realize the financial gains.
"In terms of types of financial wealth, in 2013 the top one percent of households had 49.8% of all privately held stock, 54.7% of financial securities, and 62.8% of business equity. The top ten percent had 84% to 94% of stocks, bonds, trust funds, and business equity, and almost 80% of non-home real estate."
"In terms of types of financial wealth, in 2013 the top one percent of households had 49.8% of all privately held stock, 54.7% of financial securities, and 62.8% of business equity. The top ten percent had 84% to 94% of stocks, bonds, trust funds, and business equity, and almost 80% of non-home real estate."
The cause matters because it tells us what the workable solutions are.
For instance say a company's CEO was the only person who got a raise for 30 years.
One possibility is the CEO was a real go getter who kept getting better and more valuable at his job and while everyone else stagnated.
The other possibility is that the CEO locked all of his employees into non-competes, keeping their salaries low, and freeing up budget to write himself large bonuses.
Obviously these two situations aren't going to be solved by the same solution.
For instance say a company's CEO was the only person who got a raise for 30 years.
One possibility is the CEO was a real go getter who kept getting better and more valuable at his job and while everyone else stagnated.
The other possibility is that the CEO locked all of his employees into non-competes, keeping their salaries low, and freeing up budget to write himself large bonuses.
Obviously these two situations aren't going to be solved by the same solution.
Both are solved with making marginal gains tax hyperregressive. Said CEO would gain little in either case on his salary. (Making it gains also closes loopholes like getting buildings, deals, land, expensive cars or such.)
Regardless of whether he bargained for it or squashed the employees, someone paid for this gain. With increased productivity they didn't benefit from or with plain old loss.
It probably really is the only way to prevent rich from getting much richer than everyone else and taking it all.
Regardless of whether he bargained for it or squashed the employees, someone paid for this gain. With increased productivity they didn't benefit from or with plain old loss.
It probably really is the only way to prevent rich from getting much richer than everyone else and taking it all.
Do you mean hyper progressive? A regressive tax is on that taxes the rich less than the poor like cigarettes.
Why should we be looking for solutions? To be clear I would agree it's intuitively disturbing and seems "not fair". But do you call for solutions because:
1) There might be a way to have higher productivity than we have now. This can't be why, it's always a goal regardless right?
2) Strategies should be considered than intentionally reduce productivity and/economic growth in order to increase worker compensation. Now things get tricky - productivity helps everyone, it makes the things we buy cheap, it boosts our standard of living. Is such a strategy even feasible?
3) There might exist some kind of goldilocks plan whereby growth and productivity are not affected, yet average compensation grows substantially. Again, kind of gets into uncharted economic waters no?
4) It wouldn't be about economics. It's just about fairness, morality, and maybe the self-interested prevention of civil unrest. It's policy not to change economics, but to change politics, who gets what, move things around, etc.
I don't doubt there are some all around good win-win ideas that could be implemented, but as a category it doesn't seem full enough to be game changing.
1) There might be a way to have higher productivity than we have now. This can't be why, it's always a goal regardless right?
2) Strategies should be considered than intentionally reduce productivity and/economic growth in order to increase worker compensation. Now things get tricky - productivity helps everyone, it makes the things we buy cheap, it boosts our standard of living. Is such a strategy even feasible?
3) There might exist some kind of goldilocks plan whereby growth and productivity are not affected, yet average compensation grows substantially. Again, kind of gets into uncharted economic waters no?
4) It wouldn't be about economics. It's just about fairness, morality, and maybe the self-interested prevention of civil unrest. It's policy not to change economics, but to change politics, who gets what, move things around, etc.
I don't doubt there are some all around good win-win ideas that could be implemented, but as a category it doesn't seem full enough to be game changing.
Why not? If the state of affairs is disturbing and unjust, should the disenfranchised not seek to improve their lot?
It may be easy to sit on top of the busily productive pile and insinuate that those on the bottom be satisfied with the scraps ("...those at the bottom get bigger scraps than they otherwise would have", etc.). But it's much more palatable and interesting for me to seek out how to remedy injustices (as I perceive them, I can't claim to be objective about this), to "quantum tunnel" out of this extreme gravitational well of inequality, so to speak.
It may be easy to sit on top of the busily productive pile and insinuate that those on the bottom be satisfied with the scraps ("...those at the bottom get bigger scraps than they otherwise would have", etc.). But it's much more palatable and interesting for me to seek out how to remedy injustices (as I perceive them, I can't claim to be objective about this), to "quantum tunnel" out of this extreme gravitational well of inequality, so to speak.
It almost makes me want to puke to think I wrote words that caused someone to think I would like to "sit on top...[while] those on the bottom [get] scraps". This is the opposite of what I believe.
The point is, everyone wants to charge forward without thinking about what are the solutions that will really work. This is a problem of economics and politics. The more that this problem can be solved by best economic evidence and theory (apolitical), the better. A solution based purely on politics gets progressively worse, all the way down to the level or torches and pitchforks.
I listed a few economic issues I see (as a lay person) that if answered could start thinking towards something that ends well. Shall we consider those, or shall we head to straight to the pitchforks?
The point is, everyone wants to charge forward without thinking about what are the solutions that will really work. This is a problem of economics and politics. The more that this problem can be solved by best economic evidence and theory (apolitical), the better. A solution based purely on politics gets progressively worse, all the way down to the level or torches and pitchforks.
I listed a few economic issues I see (as a lay person) that if answered could start thinking towards something that ends well. Shall we consider those, or shall we head to straight to the pitchforks?
"Why should we be looking for solutions?"
At the end of the day, because I and the other not-ultra-wealthy want that money the ultra-wealth are capturing to be more equitably distributed.
The system didn't just end up this way as a quirk of chance--the ultra-wealthy have used their money to influence laws to arrange everything this way. They didn't need a reason to make it this way, except they wanted more.
Why even say "why should we be looking for solutions" as though that's what any of this is about?
At the end of the day, because I and the other not-ultra-wealthy want that money the ultra-wealth are capturing to be more equitably distributed.
The system didn't just end up this way as a quirk of chance--the ultra-wealthy have used their money to influence laws to arrange everything this way. They didn't need a reason to make it this way, except they wanted more.
Why even say "why should we be looking for solutions" as though that's what any of this is about?
Because the people who just start running fast without looking where they are going usually have a harder time getting where they want to go.
It means nothing to say "this is wrong damn it" without thinking about how it can be fixed.
Please see my response to sooheon.
It means nothing to say "this is wrong damn it" without thinking about how it can be fixed.
Please see my response to sooheon.
Because if we won't there will be hard revolutions and social madness that hasn't been seen since October Revolution.
Sooner or later.
Sooner or later.
This graphic is interesting, thought it might be instructive to calculate accumulated values:
For the median (50% percentile): 1.005**36 = 1.2
P99: 1.022**36 = 2.2
P99.9: 1.032**36 = 3.1
P99.99: 1.043**36 = 4.6
P99.999: 1.06**36 = 8.1
Raise taxes on the 0.01%, it's the only way.
Most of them derive annual income via capital gains, and it's pretty much a voluntary tax. One either borrows against the asset, so zero selling occurs, or harvests some tax losses from other assets before they execute a sale on an appreciated asset.
You can impose a consumption tax
This quote by the fed chairman during the Great Depression, Marriner S. Eccles, seems apt
"As mass production has to be accompanied by mass consumption, mass consumption, in turn, implies a distribution of wealth -- not of existing wealth, but of wealth as it is currently produced -- to provide men with buying power equal to the amount of goods and services offered by the nation's economic machinery. Instead of achieving that kind of distribution, a giant suction pump had by 1929-30 drawn into a few hands an increasing portion of currently produced wealth. This served them as capital accumulations. But by taking purchasing power out of the hands of mass consumers, the savers denied to themselves the kind of effective demand for their products that would justify a reinvestment of their capital accumulations in new plants.In consequence, as in a poker game where the chips were concentrated in fewer and fewer hands, the other fellows could stay in the game only by borrowing. When their credit ran out, the game stopped."
"As mass production has to be accompanied by mass consumption, mass consumption, in turn, implies a distribution of wealth -- not of existing wealth, but of wealth as it is currently produced -- to provide men with buying power equal to the amount of goods and services offered by the nation's economic machinery. Instead of achieving that kind of distribution, a giant suction pump had by 1929-30 drawn into a few hands an increasing portion of currently produced wealth. This served them as capital accumulations. But by taking purchasing power out of the hands of mass consumers, the savers denied to themselves the kind of effective demand for their products that would justify a reinvestment of their capital accumulations in new plants.In consequence, as in a poker game where the chips were concentrated in fewer and fewer hands, the other fellows could stay in the game only by borrowing. When their credit ran out, the game stopped."
The GD was caused in large part by the Fed's poor understanding of economics. I wouldn't take what the chairman of the time said too seriously.
This is true even more so today.
Why is there no talk about the dramatic increase in the supply of workers over the last 40 years? Globalization has brought millions out of poverty and those people are now competing with Americans when they wouldn't before. It makes sense from an economic standpoint that the price of labor would not rise when the supply is increased and is likely the cause of income inequality in the US.
Wealth concentration was the goal, globalization was the means. The rich saw a great arbitrage opportunity in the fact that the price of labor (and its legal rights) in the developing world was much lower than in the first world.
In the late 90s, there was a big political struggle over globalization. The pro-globalists (the economic establishment and the Clinton administration) argued that it would (A) grow the economy (based on comparative advantage), (B) enrich the developing world, and (C) push them towards liberal democracy, as a consequence of having a richer middle class. The anti-globalists (mainly left-wing opposition) argued that it would (D) destroy the working class in the first world, (E) shift the balance of power enormously in the favor of corporations, (F) destroy the developing world too.
The pro-globalization side won the fight completely: the WTO was established, China was brought into the global trade system, etc.
Twenty years on, it is clear that both sides were partially right. The pro-global side was right about A and B, and wrong about C. The anti-global side was right about D and E, and wrong about F.
Strangely, the anti-global side disappeared entirely from the public discussion; in fact, that entire period of history seems to have been memory-holed with incredible rapidity. Even as D (the destruction of the working class in the developed world) was brought into the 2016 presidential campaign as one of the main issues (by Sanders and, surprisingly, by Trump), nobody seemed to recall the anti-globalization protests of the 90s. None of the activists from back then came out of the woodwork to say "we were right!"; no journalists went to look for them.
This should give pause to those who put trust in the media, even (especially?) the self-proclaimed progressive ones, like Vox.
In the late 90s, there was a big political struggle over globalization. The pro-globalists (the economic establishment and the Clinton administration) argued that it would (A) grow the economy (based on comparative advantage), (B) enrich the developing world, and (C) push them towards liberal democracy, as a consequence of having a richer middle class. The anti-globalists (mainly left-wing opposition) argued that it would (D) destroy the working class in the first world, (E) shift the balance of power enormously in the favor of corporations, (F) destroy the developing world too.
The pro-globalization side won the fight completely: the WTO was established, China was brought into the global trade system, etc.
Twenty years on, it is clear that both sides were partially right. The pro-global side was right about A and B, and wrong about C. The anti-global side was right about D and E, and wrong about F.
Strangely, the anti-global side disappeared entirely from the public discussion; in fact, that entire period of history seems to have been memory-holed with incredible rapidity. Even as D (the destruction of the working class in the developed world) was brought into the 2016 presidential campaign as one of the main issues (by Sanders and, surprisingly, by Trump), nobody seemed to recall the anti-globalization protests of the 90s. None of the activists from back then came out of the woodwork to say "we were right!"; no journalists went to look for them.
This should give pause to those who put trust in the media, even (especially?) the self-proclaimed progressive ones, like Vox.
Fox News, Breitbart et all are massively anti-globalists.
Breitbart marks Globalists in their article headlines with literal globes. Also a pure coincidence that all of those are Jewish of course.
Trump ran on abolishing NAFTA and TTIP.
How is this not a mainstream position now?
Breitbart marks Globalists in their article headlines with literal globes. Also a pure coincidence that all of those are Jewish of course.
Trump ran on abolishing NAFTA and TTIP.
How is this not a mainstream position now?
Fascinating points you make, thank you for posting this.
Can you elaborate on what you mean when you say
"This should give pause to those who put trust in the media, even (especially?) the self-proclaimed progressive ones, like Vox"
Why does the media's lack of memory, and lack of pursuit of the anti-globalists, mean we should not have trust that what they report now is accurate? (Genuine question not trying to make a point with my question).
Can you elaborate on what you mean when you say
"This should give pause to those who put trust in the media, even (especially?) the self-proclaimed progressive ones, like Vox"
Why does the media's lack of memory, and lack of pursuit of the anti-globalists, mean we should not have trust that what they report now is accurate? (Genuine question not trying to make a point with my question).
Because the rich are getting richer, and hoarded money is useless to the rest of society. Regardless of why they get richer, the economy exists to serve society. Large amounts of money lying in investments hoping to outpace inflation is not useful to society - there are practical limits on how much money can be invested usefully at all, determined by how many capital intensive tasks businesses take on as a whole.
Perhaps in older times when there were railways to build, factories and assembly lines to setup, power grids and communication networks to build, there was more room for investment in the sense of spending money now to gain rewards later.
Now that businesses have little trouble raising capital, we may be getting closer to the point where new technology/ideas are scarcer than capital. In that climate, money may be more useful to society in the hands of government or regular people than the beneficiaries of investments like entrepreneurs.
Concretely, when $1B is better used to build housing or improve healthcare, than invested into 10 "Uber for X" startups, it makes sense to tax more and let the government use the money for just that.
Perhaps in older times when there were railways to build, factories and assembly lines to setup, power grids and communication networks to build, there was more room for investment in the sense of spending money now to gain rewards later.
Now that businesses have little trouble raising capital, we may be getting closer to the point where new technology/ideas are scarcer than capital. In that climate, money may be more useful to society in the hands of government or regular people than the beneficiaries of investments like entrepreneurs.
Concretely, when $1B is better used to build housing or improve healthcare, than invested into 10 "Uber for X" startups, it makes sense to tax more and let the government use the money for just that.
> Because the rich are getting richer, and hoarded money is useless to the rest of society.
That´s it. Once there is too much super-rich capitalism stops working, as decisions are not an average of million of small transactions, but it is a centralized economy decided by a few.
Also, the rich spend more money in luxury items that have no return value. A garage with 10 Ferraries doesn´t produces almost anything, it is wasteful. For the same cost you get 200 cars that allow workers to get to their jobs, go shoppping, etc. The same goes for an "iceber manssion" on London vs an apartment building.
And that wealth also creates corruption. So much money on so few hands creates an unchecked source of power. Why do you want to serve the public, that has no extra money to spend on you, when you can serve the elite that has more resources that they need and can share them with you?
That´s it. Once there is too much super-rich capitalism stops working, as decisions are not an average of million of small transactions, but it is a centralized economy decided by a few.
Also, the rich spend more money in luxury items that have no return value. A garage with 10 Ferraries doesn´t produces almost anything, it is wasteful. For the same cost you get 200 cars that allow workers to get to their jobs, go shoppping, etc. The same goes for an "iceber manssion" on London vs an apartment building.
And that wealth also creates corruption. So much money on so few hands creates an unchecked source of power. Why do you want to serve the public, that has no extra money to spend on you, when you can serve the elite that has more resources that they need and can share them with you?
> hoarded money is useless to the rest of society.
There is no hoarded money. It's all invested. Where do you think Gates' money is, for example?
There is no hoarded money. It's all invested. Where do you think Gates' money is, for example?
A large part of Gates' money goes to preventing common disease, providing education etc. Buying mosquito nets was the latest one I saw.
These aren't investments and they aren't going to generate a monetary return for Gates. Under traditional economic dogma, no one should ever do this. Its not an investment, its donation.
Money set out purely for generating return can be hoarded when theres no good use for it. Money lying in an investment fund or an investors bank account is useless while not invested and can continue to be useless when invested in a company that fails or does nothing to help society.
These aren't investments and they aren't going to generate a monetary return for Gates. Under traditional economic dogma, no one should ever do this. Its not an investment, its donation.
Money set out purely for generating return can be hoarded when theres no good use for it. Money lying in an investment fund or an investors bank account is useless while not invested and can continue to be useless when invested in a company that fails or does nothing to help society.
> These aren't investments and they aren't going to generate a monetary return for Gates.
That's correct, but it isn't hoarded, either. It's spent.
> Under traditional economic dogma, no one should ever do this. Its not an investment, its donation.
There's no such dogma.
> Money lying in an investment fund or an investors bank account is useless while not invested
It's always invested. Investment accounts/funds do not hoard cash in Scrooge McDuck cash vaults, either. It's all invested.
> and can continue to be useless when invested in a company that fails or does nothing to help society.
Wealthy people tend to be good at investing, which is why they're wealthy in the first place. Besides, money spent on a failed investment was still spent, and others were the recipients of that money.
That's correct, but it isn't hoarded, either. It's spent.
> Under traditional economic dogma, no one should ever do this. Its not an investment, its donation.
There's no such dogma.
> Money lying in an investment fund or an investors bank account is useless while not invested
It's always invested. Investment accounts/funds do not hoard cash in Scrooge McDuck cash vaults, either. It's all invested.
> and can continue to be useless when invested in a company that fails or does nothing to help society.
Wealthy people tend to be good at investing, which is why they're wealthy in the first place. Besides, money spent on a failed investment was still spent, and others were the recipients of that money.
My simple point is there are many cases where money better serves society as charity (no return on investment) rather than as an investment. There are cases where the free market fails to solve societal problems - all those charity companies and problems like healthcare/education.
I'm tired of seeing the same trope of "the free market solves all problems" when there are clear counterexamples. Its clear as day to me that $1B spent on malaria is better than $1B spent on the next advertising startup. The ad company may have been a great investment and many employees would be recipients of the money like you say. Doesn't change the fact that there are better uses for the money - uses not served by the incentive structure of free markets.
I'm tired of seeing the same trope of "the free market solves all problems" when there are clear counterexamples. Its clear as day to me that $1B spent on malaria is better than $1B spent on the next advertising startup. The ad company may have been a great investment and many employees would be recipients of the money like you say. Doesn't change the fact that there are better uses for the money - uses not served by the incentive structure of free markets.
Charity and the free market are not antiethical to each other. Charity is part of the free market.
Also, you're arguing that you know better how to spend money than others. Probably about 90% of people feel that way about it, too, and they all have different ideas than you.
Also, you're arguing that you know better how to spend money than others. Probably about 90% of people feel that way about it, too, and they all have different ideas than you.
I am talking specifically of incentives. Capitalism incentivizes creation of economic value and ideally societal good by rewarding it with money. This particular incentive structure does not reward things like charity because there is no money to be made. People do it for reasons outside of money, which is great but limited to a few since its not really incentivized by the system as a whole. So i would not say charity is part of the free market.. it is orthogonal to the market.
As for the central planning argument that a single planner cannot effectively organize all of society, I agree. But central planners (such as government) already do have some influence in the structure of the economic system, which behaviors are rewarded vs. not.
Don't you think there might be other ways of setting up the world that incentivize behaviors differently? Whatever way has worked so far might not be the best going forward when the problems we are solving at society scale change.
As for the central planning argument that a single planner cannot effectively organize all of society, I agree. But central planners (such as government) already do have some influence in the structure of the economic system, which behaviors are rewarded vs. not.
Don't you think there might be other ways of setting up the world that incentivize behaviors differently? Whatever way has worked so far might not be the best going forward when the problems we are solving at society scale change.
Another factor I don't see talked about is the increase in women's participation in the workforce. When wages were higher it was common to only have one breadwinner in the family. Today women are more likely to get a job (or two), which is bound to depress wages. The perverse effect of lower wages is that families are forced to take on more jobs than they did before, which depresses wages further. Not sure if there is causation between women's participation and wage stagnation, but logically it seems possible that this would cause a downward spiral. The more wages suffer, the more jobs/hours/years people are forced to seek to work, the lower the wages.
> It makes sense from an economic standpoint that the price of labor would not rise when the supply is increased and is likely the cause of income inequality in the US.
So why are CEO salaries still going up? Is there not increased competition for C-level positions in companies from globalization? If not, why not?
So why are CEO salaries still going up? Is there not increased competition for C-level positions in companies from globalization? If not, why not?
There are likely a variety of factors that contribute to CEO salaries increasing.
The increase in the labor supply has mostly affected the low end of the spectrum. You don't usually go from subsistence farming directly to the board room. This will change but it takes a long time to percolate up.
Large corporations are usually conservative with their C level executives. Even if someone else could do a 10x better job you are not going to replace an executive if they are outperforming the market. The threshold for being removed is fairly high.
If you started your own company and own a controlling stake it is highly unlikely that you will be removed, even if you are terrible at your job.
The scale of some of the biggest companies is profoundly larger than in the past forty years. For example McDonalds has 375,000 employees worldwide. Their CEO makes around 15.5 million a year. If you were to distribute his salary to each worker in the company (assuming each works 40 hours a week) you could afford to give a 2 cent raise per hour to each employee.
The increase in the labor supply has mostly affected the low end of the spectrum. You don't usually go from subsistence farming directly to the board room. This will change but it takes a long time to percolate up.
Large corporations are usually conservative with their C level executives. Even if someone else could do a 10x better job you are not going to replace an executive if they are outperforming the market. The threshold for being removed is fairly high.
If you started your own company and own a controlling stake it is highly unlikely that you will be removed, even if you are terrible at your job.
The scale of some of the biggest companies is profoundly larger than in the past forty years. For example McDonalds has 375,000 employees worldwide. Their CEO makes around 15.5 million a year. If you were to distribute his salary to each worker in the company (assuming each works 40 hours a week) you could afford to give a 2 cent raise per hour to each employee.
One explanation would be because of the cheaper labor and favorable legal frameworks the corporation can grow much larger today. Pushing the pay of the top level positions to rise even higher. You could look at C-level positions 50 years ago as a mid-level manager today in terms of managed organization size and economic impact.
> One explanation would be because of the cheaper labor and favorable legal frameworks the corporation can grow much larger today.
But that means there are fewer C-level positions/capita today. So:
* supply of C-level candidates has gone up (more MBA graduates, larger supply of candidates from overseas)
* demand for C-level candidates has gone down (fewer, larger corporations, so fewer C-level jobs overall)
And yet C-level compensation is going up. Doesn't this contradict all the supply/demand theories I keep hearing about lower/middle class employees?
But that means there are fewer C-level positions/capita today. So:
* supply of C-level candidates has gone up (more MBA graduates, larger supply of candidates from overseas)
* demand for C-level candidates has gone down (fewer, larger corporations, so fewer C-level jobs overall)
And yet C-level compensation is going up. Doesn't this contradict all the supply/demand theories I keep hearing about lower/middle class employees?
In the big 5 that I work for, MBA's become product managers and make less than programmers (per years in industry). They then have to compete for more than a decade (with programmers going into management), for a shot at even VP level.
Guess what, there are some VP's that have 5 more layers of VP, Senior VP's... before C suite.
You want to incentive people to work hard at their jobs to get promoted to the next level so you need to constantly pay them more. When you have 10 layers in your company and people at the bottom are making 6 figures (for software engineers, easily the case), the top level employees are going to make a lot of money.
Guess what, there are some VP's that have 5 more layers of VP, Senior VP's... before C suite.
You want to incentive people to work hard at their jobs to get promoted to the next level so you need to constantly pay them more. When you have 10 layers in your company and people at the bottom are making 6 figures (for software engineers, easily the case), the top level employees are going to make a lot of money.
Are they though? Most of executive compensation plans nowadays are strongly tied to stock performance with a generous options package but a nominal $1 salary. Brings its own set of problems and a tunnel vision that's focused on next quarterly results, but at least it's aligned with large shareholders.
Do you really think that the fixed compensation of most executives is $1?
pretty much this. its why there was a lot of h1b visa abuse. top 0.01% doesnt want to pay a lot for tech workers but the demand is high, so increase the supply of tech workers.
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> Why is there no talk about the dramatic increase in the supply of workers over the last 40 years?
Because it is irrelevant. If you have 100 workers, they produce and consume as 100. If you get 100 million, they produce as 100 million, but also consume as 1000 million.
> It makes sense from an economic standpoint that the price of labor would not rise when the supply is increased
The price of labor would not fall if the demand increases also. That´s why it´s a non problem to have more people, until you hit the ceiling of Earth resources.
The problem is the distribution of the wealth created, and that´s explained in the article.
Because it is irrelevant. If you have 100 workers, they produce and consume as 100. If you get 100 million, they produce as 100 million, but also consume as 1000 million.
> It makes sense from an economic standpoint that the price of labor would not rise when the supply is increased
The price of labor would not fall if the demand increases also. That´s why it´s a non problem to have more people, until you hit the ceiling of Earth resources.
The problem is the distribution of the wealth created, and that´s explained in the article.
This discounts economies of scale. Capitalism's argument is that we will always want to consume more things so we'll just make more different things, but there's really only so much one can consume.
Because those workers also buy things and contribute to demand?
And in response to the overload of cheap labor, the central banks have been printing currency -- which means that people who own lots of equity end up with more money than they had before. (more money with the same assets means suddenly your assets are worth much more money)
Also "hoarding" implies intent and capability. From all I can see, what's happening is the natural consequences of lifting billions of people out of poverty.
Also "hoarding" implies intent and capability. From all I can see, what's happening is the natural consequences of lifting billions of people out of poverty.
> From all I can see, what's happening is the natural consequences of lifting billions of people out of poverty.
Ah yes, billionaire CEOs and investors have lifted millions out of poverty and so the market has rewarded them with steadily increasing incomes. But wait! I thought the market only cared about profits!? Why would it reward them for lifting millions out of poverty?? Is it possible that the modern American political system has been bent to the exclusive benefit of the rich at the expense of everyone else? Nah.
Ah yes, billionaire CEOs and investors have lifted millions out of poverty and so the market has rewarded them with steadily increasing incomes. But wait! I thought the market only cared about profits!? Why would it reward them for lifting millions out of poverty?? Is it possible that the modern American political system has been bent to the exclusive benefit of the rich at the expense of everyone else? Nah.
>Why would it reward them for lifting millions out of poverty?
Because a worker and consumer with high productivity and high standard of living is more valuable to everyone involved (creates more value, buys more stuff) than a subsistence farmer? [0]
Really the only people totally losing out here are environmentalists, as the newly minted middle class overwhelmingly buys cars and air conditioning.
[0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_capital
Because a worker and consumer with high productivity and high standard of living is more valuable to everyone involved (creates more value, buys more stuff) than a subsistence farmer? [0]
Really the only people totally losing out here are environmentalists, as the newly minted middle class overwhelmingly buys cars and air conditioning.
[0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_capital
This is why I appreciate the $15 an hour minimum wage movement. Paying people more is better then taxing the rich more. The super-rich own congress but at the city and State level there is depending upon the state some room to grow wages. Higher wages equals fewer people on public subsidies which is good for cities and states.
If the minimum wage is a universal solution works for everybody, why are there so many exemptions and carveouts? Family-owned businesses like restaurants are exempt, self-employed individuals are exempt, piecemeal farm labor is exempt, babysitters and other "occasional" labor have their own exemption, tipped workers have a carveout.
There's a special rate for minors because apparently nobody thinks high school kids will produce $15 of value per hour yet they still need to learn the ropes of the business and personal responsibility somehow.
There's a special rate for minors because apparently nobody thinks high school kids will produce $15 of value per hour yet they still need to learn the ropes of the business and personal responsibility somehow.
The problem is that if you set a minimum wage that is higher than the real value of the work performed, it means those jobs just simply won't exist anymore.
The real value of a lot of products and services is more adjustable than your statement would lead someone to believe. Reality is absolutely not an efficient marketplace that immediately culls jobs and workers the moment a certain price of labor threshold is reached.
And yet ATMs, self-checkout lines and online shopping are a thing, and so are bank branch closures, retail bankruptcies and mall vacancy rates.
That is efficiency. We won't pay people to dig ditches when we have machines to do it. Efficiency is not the enemy, resource distribution is.
In a world where CEOs can receive massive bonuses for driving a company to the ground, that's not easy to believe at all.
As far as I'm aware, none of the studies on increasing minimum wage have shown this.
Higher minimum wages means fewer employed people on public subsidies. It's less clear to me that it makes for fewer people overall on subsidies.
If the economic value of someone's labor is only $10/hr, they are less likely to be employed with a $15 minimum wage than a $9 minimum wage.
If the economic value of someone's labor is only $10/hr, they are less likely to be employed with a $15 minimum wage than a $9 minimum wage.
What labor has value below the required amount to exist as a human? I think the reasoning is - if it's worth being done, it's worth paying someone a meager living wage to have it done.
While I agree in principle, the counter-argument is that you're just going to end up with that job going overseas or getting automated. Basically, if you need something done and it's only worth $10/hour to you to have it done, but no one near you will do it for less than $15/hour, either 1) it won't get done and that $10/hour economic input is lost, or 2) you'll find a way to get it done for $10/hour or less via means other than employing a local human.
And when outsourcing happens, you tax the fuck out of that business transaction, and with the proceeds pay your unemployed laborers a livable minimum income. You think Chinese labor is cheap for no reason? There are tons of gov't subsidies, from straight up handouts to nonexistant labor laws (which are a form of subsidy to big business at the expense of workers, a reverse tax).
The same should apply to automation. The inordinate inequality of wealth which is bound to happen with automation should be alleviated through heavy taxation. Or if tax is too dirty a word, ownership of such dual capital/labor should be partly socialized--i.e. newly created AI/robot companies must put up a % of their shares to the public who receive equal amounts.
The same should apply to automation. The inordinate inequality of wealth which is bound to happen with automation should be alleviated through heavy taxation. Or if tax is too dirty a word, ownership of such dual capital/labor should be partly socialized--i.e. newly created AI/robot companies must put up a % of their shares to the public who receive equal amounts.
Actually you get 3) the cost of the output of that process goes up, leading to a small price rise to the end user.
I think this is only true in a closed system. In an open, globalized world like we have today, the price of the output doesn't have to go up if another place with cheaper labor can produce the same output for cheaper. Thus is many cases you end up with a situation where you can't raise the price of your output because your customers will just buy the foreign-produced version.
Unless that cost was "digestible" by the system, but had simply been previously going to C-level and board members' salaries. Then companies which continue to pay execs exorbitantly, and companies which give their execs a 0.001% pay cut or otherwise reduce inefficiencies to absorb the cost increase will compete.
That's the point: there is almost certainly work being done now for $10/hr that is not economically worth being done if the lower limit by statute is $15/hr.
If someone is capable of holding down that $10/hr job but not capable of landing a $15/hr job, they are harmed by an increase in minimum wage in two ways: 1. The direct loss of job, income, status. 2. They are now shopping in an economy where the goods/services they purchase are likely to be marginally more expensive.
If someone is capable of holding down that $10/hr job but not capable of landing a $15/hr job, they are harmed by an increase in minimum wage in two ways: 1. The direct loss of job, income, status. 2. They are now shopping in an economy where the goods/services they purchase are likely to be marginally more expensive.
>If someone is not capable
That mindset continues to be disgusting to me. Humans are some of the most impressive creatures on Earth; baring actual disability, you can teach them to do all sorts of things.
I'm going to love watching the tech scene's existential panic over the next 2 decades as the population increasingly realizes that making CRUD apps and junk SAS is a job many Americans are more than capable of doing.
I'm going to love watching the tech scene's existential panic over the next 2 decades as the population increasingly realizes that making CRUD apps and junk SAS is a job many Americans are more than capable of doing.
"Capable" isn't a binary, lifelong condition. The remedy for incapability is generally considered to be education.
The dirty secret is that there's a whole class of jobs, mostly decently paying white collar jobs, that have most of the training on the job.
Hell most of the jobs that only require an undergraduate degree involve extensive on the job training; college is used as a weak signal for aptitude, interest, and class not really capability (this is the entire business model around coding boot-camps).
Hell most of the jobs that only require an undergraduate degree involve extensive on the job training; college is used as a weak signal for aptitude, interest, and class not really capability (this is the entire business model around coding boot-camps).
I got about 3 days of on-the-job training, pitched at showing generally skilled programmers the company's specific tools, practices, and environment. The rest was just being thrown into the normal day-to-day work, with the expectation that I'd ask more questions and make slower progress at first.
You can't just throw a laid-off factory worker into that position, though I agree, you can probable prepare him to handle it more efficiently than a 4-year BS degree program, which is what bootcamps are looking to capitalize on.
It matters a great deal to the employee to have been put in a situation like that before (homework & hobby projects) and developed a decent intuition & familiarity. It matters a great deal to the employer to know that that the candidate has done something like this before and will be substantially likely to succeed. There's a little more going on here than class signaling.
You can't just throw a laid-off factory worker into that position, though I agree, you can probable prepare him to handle it more efficiently than a 4-year BS degree program, which is what bootcamps are looking to capitalize on.
It matters a great deal to the employee to have been put in a situation like that before (homework & hobby projects) and developed a decent intuition & familiarity. It matters a great deal to the employer to know that that the candidate has done something like this before and will be substantially likely to succeed. There's a little more going on here than class signaling.
All labor which could be done by people in, say, Vietnam or Laos, has value below the required amount to exist as a human in USA. So, more and more of it.
Minimum wage costs are mostly passed on as increased prices paid by the middle class. The profits to the .01% class are barely affected.
This is entirely a consequence of economic policy set the by the US government. Not some immutable property of our world. As such it can be changed through, for example, a more progressive tax policy.
We need to just peg the minimum wage to inflation so we don't have to do this every decade or two.
Ugh yeah. I'm glad I'm not the only one that hates this generalized fight for a number that's ultimately irrelevant.
Minimum wage++ == Inflation++
Except that they've tracked that, and it doesn't. There was a nice recent natural experiment in Seattle, and the effect was negligible.
Do you have any empirical evidence otherwise?
Do you have any empirical evidence otherwise?
Why not an earned income tax credit instead of an arbitrary cutoff at which point labor becomes worthless and illegal to sell?
[deleted]
Why stop there? Just make it 100$ and hour and everyone will be rich!
Oh wait, arbitrary wage increases don't really work out in real life.
https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/seattles-minimum-wage-h...
Seattle's socialist member of the city council fired the Unversity of Washington team after the results came out and hired an anti-capitalist professor from berkeley to ensure the study finds the right results.
http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/06/29/seattle-commissio...
Oh wait, arbitrary wage increases don't really work out in real life.
https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/seattles-minimum-wage-h...
Seattle's socialist member of the city council fired the Unversity of Washington team after the results came out and hired an anti-capitalist professor from berkeley to ensure the study finds the right results.
http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/06/29/seattle-commissio...
Please don't use HN primarily for political or ideological battle. We ban accounts that do that (regardless of which flavor they favor) because it's destructive of what HN is for.
https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html
https://news.ycombinator.com/newswelcome.html
https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html
https://news.ycombinator.com/newswelcome.html
Why stop there? Just make it 100$ and hour and everyone will be rich!
This argument -- "well, if you think a little increase in the minimum wage is good, then you must think any increase in the minimum wage is good, or you're not being consistent!" -- gets trotted out by somebody on HN every time the subject comes up. And c'mon. If I believe that San Francisco's minimum wage hikes to $14 and $15 an hour are not going to cause undue economic collapse here, that does not somehow obligate me to believe "hey, if that works, we can raise the minimum wage to ELEVEN BILLIONTY DOLLARS AN HOUR with minimal impact, too!" Real life is full of examples, from salt in your soup to water behind a dam, where we understand that's good to increase the level to a point, but only to a point.
Oh wait, arbitrary wage increases don't really work out in real life.
"Most past research has found that modest increases to the minimum wage have little impact on employment, and that if employers do eliminate jobs or cut back hours, those losses are dwarfed by the income gains enjoyed by the majority of workers who keep their jobs." That quote is...from the FiveThirtyEight article that you linked to. The evidence so far seems to be that some of the time, for some levels, minimum wage increases do really work out in real life. The UW study criticizes the methodology of past studies, but it's at least worth acknowledging that there's criticisms of the UW study which are not, despite Fox's take, "this is not the result the socialists wanted." Notably, UW's study excludes businesses with multiple locations but only one account with Washington State's unemployment office, which eliminates 38% of the state's workforce from consideration, including all chain fast food and retail workers. They exclude them specifically because they can't get "location-based" data for workers in those cases; while that may be true, being inconvenient to UW's methodology doesn't render that data irrelevant.
This argument -- "well, if you think a little increase in the minimum wage is good, then you must think any increase in the minimum wage is good, or you're not being consistent!" -- gets trotted out by somebody on HN every time the subject comes up. And c'mon. If I believe that San Francisco's minimum wage hikes to $14 and $15 an hour are not going to cause undue economic collapse here, that does not somehow obligate me to believe "hey, if that works, we can raise the minimum wage to ELEVEN BILLIONTY DOLLARS AN HOUR with minimal impact, too!" Real life is full of examples, from salt in your soup to water behind a dam, where we understand that's good to increase the level to a point, but only to a point.
Oh wait, arbitrary wage increases don't really work out in real life.
"Most past research has found that modest increases to the minimum wage have little impact on employment, and that if employers do eliminate jobs or cut back hours, those losses are dwarfed by the income gains enjoyed by the majority of workers who keep their jobs." That quote is...from the FiveThirtyEight article that you linked to. The evidence so far seems to be that some of the time, for some levels, minimum wage increases do really work out in real life. The UW study criticizes the methodology of past studies, but it's at least worth acknowledging that there's criticisms of the UW study which are not, despite Fox's take, "this is not the result the socialists wanted." Notably, UW's study excludes businesses with multiple locations but only one account with Washington State's unemployment office, which eliminates 38% of the state's workforce from consideration, including all chain fast food and retail workers. They exclude them specifically because they can't get "location-based" data for workers in those cases; while that may be true, being inconvenient to UW's methodology doesn't render that data irrelevant.
> Real life is full of examples, from salt in your soup to water behind a dam, where we understand that's good to increase the level to a point, but only to a point.
And somehow this point is lost on many proponents of raising the minimum wage, who find obvious that any increase in minimum wage can only be good and anyone saying otherwise is evil. Sometimes the soup would be better with less salt, minimum wages could be too high already!
And somehow this point is lost on many proponents of raising the minimum wage, who find obvious that any increase in minimum wage can only be good and anyone saying otherwise is evil. Sometimes the soup would be better with less salt, minimum wages could be too high already!
> Why stop there? Just make it 100$ and hour and everyone will be rich!
- People needs to drink 2 litres of water each day to stay healthy.
Oh! Why stop there? Just make people drink 20 litres and everyone will be more healthy!
You made an strawman argument. Yes, probably is not good to raise to 100$, but that doesn´t means that raising to 15$ is bad.
- People needs to drink 2 litres of water each day to stay healthy.
Oh! Why stop there? Just make people drink 20 litres and everyone will be more healthy!
You made an strawman argument. Yes, probably is not good to raise to 100$, but that doesn´t means that raising to 15$ is bad.
Note that your fivethirtyeight article even mentions a caveat to the study:
> The paper’s findings are preliminary and have not yet been subjected to peer review. And the authors stressed that even if their results hold up, their research leaves important questions unanswered, particularly about how the minimum wage has affected individual workers and businesses.
> Many economists, meanwhile, have acknowledged substantial uncertainty over the likely effects of the recent wage hikes. Most — though by no means all — past research has found that modest increases to the minimum wage have little impact on employment, and that if employers do eliminate jobs or cut back hours, those losses are dwarfed by the income gains enjoyed by the majority of workers who keep their jobs. But those studies were mostly based on minimum wages that were much lower than the ones beginning to take effect now. Even some liberal economists have expressed concern, often privately, that employers might respond differently to a minimum wage of $12 or $15, which would affect a far broader swath of workers than the part-time fast-food and retail employees who typically dominate the ranks of minimum-wage earners. Other economists said there simply wasn’t enough evidence to predict the impact of minimum wages that high. The new laws in Seattle and other cities, then, could provide an ideal testing ground.
Additionally, here is a post by Jared Bernstein related to the minimum wage hike[0]. Here is the book mentioned in the aforementioned post [1].
Another analysis[2] finding that "Once this publication selection is corrected, little or no evidence of a negative association between minimum wages and employment remains."
While I also do not know for certain the effects of a minimum wage, one of your sources fairly lists caveats and uncertainty for the study it mentions, and the other is fox news.
[0] http://jaredbernsteinblog.com/the-minimum-wage-increase-and-...
[1] http://www.upjohn.org/publications/upjohn-institute-press/wh...
[2] http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8543.2009....
> The paper’s findings are preliminary and have not yet been subjected to peer review. And the authors stressed that even if their results hold up, their research leaves important questions unanswered, particularly about how the minimum wage has affected individual workers and businesses.
> Many economists, meanwhile, have acknowledged substantial uncertainty over the likely effects of the recent wage hikes. Most — though by no means all — past research has found that modest increases to the minimum wage have little impact on employment, and that if employers do eliminate jobs or cut back hours, those losses are dwarfed by the income gains enjoyed by the majority of workers who keep their jobs. But those studies were mostly based on minimum wages that were much lower than the ones beginning to take effect now. Even some liberal economists have expressed concern, often privately, that employers might respond differently to a minimum wage of $12 or $15, which would affect a far broader swath of workers than the part-time fast-food and retail employees who typically dominate the ranks of minimum-wage earners. Other economists said there simply wasn’t enough evidence to predict the impact of minimum wages that high. The new laws in Seattle and other cities, then, could provide an ideal testing ground.
Additionally, here is a post by Jared Bernstein related to the minimum wage hike[0]. Here is the book mentioned in the aforementioned post [1].
Another analysis[2] finding that "Once this publication selection is corrected, little or no evidence of a negative association between minimum wages and employment remains."
While I also do not know for certain the effects of a minimum wage, one of your sources fairly lists caveats and uncertainty for the study it mentions, and the other is fox news.
[0] http://jaredbernsteinblog.com/the-minimum-wage-increase-and-...
[1] http://www.upjohn.org/publications/upjohn-institute-press/wh...
[2] http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8543.2009....
This post is an insult to hacker news. You are not deploying any kind of rational logic. If $100 is good, then make it $1,000,000. That is your logic and it is dishonest at best.
It's the logical consequence of the simplistic argument used by many: "raising the minimum wage is good".
1% real income growth per year is still fairly substantial IMO. Over a 41 year career, your purchasing power goes up by half, yet that's treated as "stagnating" which implies something far worse than 1% per year.
I think the nuance here is that it's stagnating relative to overall income growth. I.e. 1% isn't terrible if everyone is getting roughly 1%. But that's not the situation - the economy is growing more rapidly than that, but only a tiny percentage of people are seeing big gains for their own incomes.
There's no reason to me to think that the vast majority of people should see substantial real income gains. Money is fundamentally a claim check on someone else's labor and/or resources. If you have more money (in real terms), you have a greater claim on others' resources. That can't stay true for an entire population over a long period of time. It's temporarily true for the US, because we're able to take advantage of labor from other, cheaper places in the world, in the process, making that other place better off as well.
Those of us in the broad swath from 10th to 99th percentile don't really compete for those things that are purchased by the top 0.01%, so I basically don't care how fast their incomes grow, nor how fast the prices of caviar, ski lodges in Jackson Hole, etc. grow.
I care about food, housing, transportation, and education. In competing for those resources, there's fairly broad equity in the charts in the vox article (realizing that people don't stay static on that chart).
Those of us in the broad swath from 10th to 99th percentile don't really compete for those things that are purchased by the top 0.01%, so I basically don't care how fast their incomes grow, nor how fast the prices of caviar, ski lodges in Jackson Hole, etc. grow.
I care about food, housing, transportation, and education. In competing for those resources, there's fairly broad equity in the charts in the vox article (realizing that people don't stay static on that chart).
It's nothing, if your expenses grow at higher rate.
Not if inflation is 3-4% per year.
Real income growth is, by definition, after accounting for inflation.
The opposing term is "nominal income growth" which does not account for inflation.
The opposing term is "nominal income growth" which does not account for inflation.
He said 'real' income growth, which I take to mean adjusted for inflation and maybe also various cost of living increases/decreases.
"Real income growth" is the growth in income post inflation.
And even less so if "inflation" has been redefined specifically to be lower, in order to reduce the amount of real money that needs to go into social security.
It's important to note that the top 1% (pick whatever bracket you want) is not static. There is a lot of turnover.
According to research from Cornell University, over 50 percent of Americans find themselves among the top 10 percent of income-earners for at least one year during their working lives. Over 11 percent of Americans will be counted among the top 1 percent of income-earners (i.e., people making at minimum $332,000 per annum) for at least one year.
[1] https://www.cato.org/blog/high-turnover-among-americas-rich
According to research from Cornell University, over 50 percent of Americans find themselves among the top 10 percent of income-earners for at least one year during their working lives. Over 11 percent of Americans will be counted among the top 1 percent of income-earners (i.e., people making at minimum $332,000 per annum) for at least one year.
[1] https://www.cato.org/blog/high-turnover-among-americas-rich
So what caused the change in 1973?
Here's an article which argues that wages have not been growing in line with productivity since 1973 because, since then, workers have been compensated with fringe benefits of increasing value, in lieu of greater wages.
[http://www.heritage.org/jobs-and-labor/report/productivity-a...]
I'm sure that this is not the whole story, but I bet it's a big part of it.
[http://www.heritage.org/jobs-and-labor/report/productivity-a...]
I'm sure that this is not the whole story, but I bet it's a big part of it.
Financialization of the economy. The fall of Bretton-Woods. The fall of the gold standard. The repeal of Glass-Steagall.
>The fall of the gold standard.
>The fall of Bretton-Woods.
1971, not 1973
>The repeal of Glass-Steagall.
1999, not 1973
>The fall of Bretton-Woods.
1971, not 1973
>The repeal of Glass-Steagall.
1999, not 1973
Macroeconomic changes take longer than just a few hours to have an impact. I included Glass-Steagall repeal because merely focusing on 1970's and nothing that happened there after is myopic
Could it be an oversupply of labor that was caused by the availability of the pill and the following growing immigration asking for lower wages instead of incumbents https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/labor-force-parti...
Can the stagnation be caused by the oversupply of the labor that has started about the 1965 (the pill?) https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/labor-force-parti...
Nobody seems surprised when all wealth is accumulated by one player at the end of a game of Monopoly. The figures in the article should then also not surprise anyone. This is not some flow in our system, this is the natural progression of capitalism as designed.
Monopoly was actually originally designed to demonstrate the "surprising" effect of accumulation of wealth by a single player (via rents).
With the implied moral judgment that this is unfair/unjust: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Landlord%27s_Game
edit: via rents, not property taxes
edit: via rents, not property taxes
Right. The economy has a fixed amount of assets that generate money. Oh, wait.
I don't want obfuscate correlation and causality but over the same time period we have seen the greatest bond bull market in history.
The upshot is that the rich, more specifically the super rich, benefit disproportionately from lower/lowering interest rates.
The upshot is that the rich, more specifically the super rich, benefit disproportionately from lower/lowering interest rates.
if your rich as hell, give it away. if your voting, vote for people who want to tax the higher earners more and lower earners less. seems pretty reasonable to me
Forgive my ignorance, but why wouldnt we expect to see exponential growth in wealth, and as a result a greater discepency between the top 1% and everyone else?
Technically we would, but not at the cost of such discrepancy, as it usually had a violent ending in the past. Costing lives and entire countries social stabilities.
that's why a lot of people opt-out of working
people are not stupid if it's not worth their time they rather not do
people are not stupid if it's not worth their time they rather not do
We know.
We know there are serious problems. I think the general direction we are going to try to solve them is a good start, but without severely improving the current plans, will be completely inadequate and repeat history in some ways.
Many people have looked at the US' economic situation and compared it to China or other areas and predicted that the relatively high wealth and consumption in the US just cannot continue due to things like math (large deficits, low production of real goods, retired workers) and political pressure. The expectation for many is that there will eventually start to be a much more equitable distribution of resources and power towards places like China and/or Africa or India. This will mean there is significantly less real wealth for Americans. This, combined with the pressure to increase sustainability, means that the real world economy in the US is either not growing or growing very sluggishly.
When the economy is not really growing, our current systems don't function well, people start looking to conserve and cooperate rather than compete so much. A general trend of increasing socialism is good for the US to some degree I believe, but won't solve the problems.
What we have now are very large technopolies like Amazon, Google and Uber controlling large segments of our economy. Because the power is so concentrated, it is actually almost as bad as having government agencies control these things. Now people are talking about technocracy, which is essentially high-tech communism.
I used to advocate for a Resource Based Economy and all of that stuff, and I still think RBE and technocratic-type ideas are a good starting point to think about solutions, but it seems like the thought process is stuck in the 50s. Having very large organizations controlling everything is not going to work out,no matter how much technology you add to it.
The real problem for America is going to be less fossil fuels being able to be imported. Just because there is a big imbalance now, and unless we actually start nuking countries, within a few decades the demands will be such that those countries are forced to fight the US for those resources. In order to avoid WWII there has to be a plan that allows the US and other high-consumption countries to significantly reduce real-world consumption and still have functioning economies.
The problem is that we are looking at these giant tech companies just becoming more official and entrenched. This does give us platforms for efficiency, but the fact that these are centralized organizations means big problems in terms of power distribution and freedom as well as the evolvability of systems.
The solution is going to be technical upgrades to our social frameworks. A concrete example: Amazon has a streamlined website and logistic network. Instead of leaving this in the hands of one company, we need to come up with equivalent decentralized distributed protocols and systems that accomplish the same things without making Bezos the unofficial Minister of Distribution. I'm not saying it's easy, because we need systems with almost the same level of holistic integration and analysis on some levels that Amazon has, but still flexible enough to evolve and allow freedom.
We are also going to need these advanced distributed but holistic on some level evolvable systems to be properly integrated into societal structures in order to properly measure and plan if we want to have something like universal basic income. Although I must also say that we need also to facilitate free competition more at the same time otherwise the technopolies strangleholds prevent most from rising past the basic level and participating.
Many people have looked at the US' economic situation and compared it to China or other areas and predicted that the relatively high wealth and consumption in the US just cannot continue due to things like math (large deficits, low production of real goods, retired workers) and political pressure. The expectation for many is that there will eventually start to be a much more equitable distribution of resources and power towards places like China and/or Africa or India. This will mean there is significantly less real wealth for Americans. This, combined with the pressure to increase sustainability, means that the real world economy in the US is either not growing or growing very sluggishly.
When the economy is not really growing, our current systems don't function well, people start looking to conserve and cooperate rather than compete so much. A general trend of increasing socialism is good for the US to some degree I believe, but won't solve the problems.
What we have now are very large technopolies like Amazon, Google and Uber controlling large segments of our economy. Because the power is so concentrated, it is actually almost as bad as having government agencies control these things. Now people are talking about technocracy, which is essentially high-tech communism.
I used to advocate for a Resource Based Economy and all of that stuff, and I still think RBE and technocratic-type ideas are a good starting point to think about solutions, but it seems like the thought process is stuck in the 50s. Having very large organizations controlling everything is not going to work out,no matter how much technology you add to it.
The real problem for America is going to be less fossil fuels being able to be imported. Just because there is a big imbalance now, and unless we actually start nuking countries, within a few decades the demands will be such that those countries are forced to fight the US for those resources. In order to avoid WWII there has to be a plan that allows the US and other high-consumption countries to significantly reduce real-world consumption and still have functioning economies.
The problem is that we are looking at these giant tech companies just becoming more official and entrenched. This does give us platforms for efficiency, but the fact that these are centralized organizations means big problems in terms of power distribution and freedom as well as the evolvability of systems.
The solution is going to be technical upgrades to our social frameworks. A concrete example: Amazon has a streamlined website and logistic network. Instead of leaving this in the hands of one company, we need to come up with equivalent decentralized distributed protocols and systems that accomplish the same things without making Bezos the unofficial Minister of Distribution. I'm not saying it's easy, because we need systems with almost the same level of holistic integration and analysis on some levels that Amazon has, but still flexible enough to evolve and allow freedom.
We are also going to need these advanced distributed but holistic on some level evolvable systems to be properly integrated into societal structures in order to properly measure and plan if we want to have something like universal basic income. Although I must also say that we need also to facilitate free competition more at the same time otherwise the technopolies strangleholds prevent most from rising past the basic level and participating.
People who buy this garbage have no perspective of how much the federal government taxes and spends. Everything discussed here is insignificant in the scope of the federal agencies spending $11 billion a day. Personal incomes are less than their rounding errors.
I'm curious, in what sense is it insignificant? Quoting from (likely faulty) memory, 30% of federal budget comes from income tax directly, and the another 20% or so is covered by employer associated employment taxes. So out of that $11bn a day, Americans pay in $6.5bn every day. If we were to adequately tax the 0.01%, the budget would feel the difference.
Here's the money shot: https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/9013427/Sc...
However, rather than debate the causes of this divergence, or accuse "the rich" of anything, we should instead be coming up with WORKABLE SOLUTIONS for increasing the income -- and therefore the spending power -- of the masses in a sustainable manner.
I imagine a tremendous amount of pent-up consumer demand would be unleashed, because THE MORE THE MASSES EARN, THE MORE THEY SPEND ON PRODUCTS AND SERVICES, including those created by entrepreneurs.
[1] Here's the paper: http://gabriel-zucman.eu/files/PSZ2017.pdf