"console", "terminal" and "terminal emulator" all refer to the same thing. "shell" is the read-eval-print-loop interface you use to work in the terminal.
> I think the bank has the right to say "your machine is too risky - we don't want our code to run on it."
I disagree. Let's go with preferring user agency until banks are in trouble.
> Again, it probably isn't fair to ban users who run on permissive software, but it is a rational choice by the manufacturer. And, yet again, I think software authors probably should be able to restrict things which cause them harm.
I disagree. Ban users when they cheat, not when they have the power to cheat.