Children used to work because they had to in order to survive. The choices were work or starve to death. Taking away the option to work obviously makes them worse off. This plays out today when western countries force labor laws in countries like Bangladesh. When the children can no longer work in factories they often have to resort to prostitution.
The question of labor unions is a different issue. Labor unions do benefit their members who do get raises because of their actions. They do not benefit the people who will no longer get hired because the cost of labor is now higher. They do not benefit workers in other industries because the prices they will pay will be higher and displaced workers will enter their industry lowering their wages. Labor unions harm society at large in order to benefit their memebers.
Trademark law is to prevent "damage" to brands, not protect customers. If a system was in place to protect the customers, it would be the customers who were deceived that sue and receive compensation, not the company owning the trademark.
The type of habitat he is describing is known as an O'Neil cylinder. The wikipedia page for the topic probably answers most questions you have about it.
Austerity is effective when it is achieved by cutting spending. The cases where it hasn't worked were because the spending cuts were accompanied with tax increases [1]. This shouldn't be a surprise because tax increases tend to decrease GDP [2].
[1] A. Alesina, C. A. Favero, and F. Giavazzi, Austerity: when it works and when it doesnt. Princeton (New Jersey): Princeton University Press, 2019.
[2] C. D. Romer and D. H. Romer, “The Macroeconomic Effects of Tax Changes: Estimates Based on a New Measure of Fiscal Shocks,” American Economic Review, vol. 100, no. 3, pp. 763–801, 2010.
The article addresses the issues raised by OP. You don't need to read the paywalled article since it just summarizes the statement by Reinhart & Rogoff which is available here [1]. Here is an archive of the actual article if you would prefer to read that [2].
>“Using a personal photo and including personal details in a reporter’s biography made participants feel they knew the reporter better, but this feeling didn’t influence readers’ attitudes about a news organization more broadly,”
IME, people trust individuals more than institutions. So, their level of trust for the news organization doesn't really matter if they trust the specific journalist.