There is indeed research and literature about this. For example “Formal verification of multiplier circuits using computer algebra”,
Daniela Kaufmann, see https://danielakaufmann.at/publications/
These kinds of methods are used in EDA Formal Verification tools to check real multipliers, FMAs, dot-products etc in CPU & GPU designs.
Wood pellets are counted as renewable. Creating something of loophole. Not sure what difference non-EU would make other than making tracking of regrowing trees more difficult.
https://www.cadence.com/ko_KR/home/tools/system-design-and-v...