This is exactly what is called "unnecessary wrapping".
There is no meaning of wrapping anything in a monad in a strict language, where the order of evaluation is well-defined, narcissistic snowflakery aside.
In other words, a Monad in the context of CS or PL is the solution to a problem which does not arise in Scala.
And, of course, an option type does not need to be a Maybe monad.
Cashless is an utopia, pushed by disconnected from reality liberal arts academics and humanities majors. Sweden is famous for having way too many of those victims of Plato virus.
Cash is a major innovation in evolution of societies and not for some weak-minded progress-cosplaying idiots to abolish it in order to be popular an re-elected.
Let them visit some overpopulated asian country to see why cash is absolutely essential.
Also look no farther than bitcoin - anything which disrupts or even increase transaction time will be a disaster.
No, because to achieve an animal-like, or even insect-like performance is way too complex and neuroscience itself is still poorly understood. How bees know how to dance? There is no supervised learning practices for bees, no schools. How a bird knows how to make a nest? How a newborn goat knows how to walk?
They literally should stop pilling up crap like kubernetes and look back at what 9P and Plan9 were and why. Especially that they have almost the whole Plan9 team employed.
Making analogues of J2EE Application Servers for native code is the wrong way. It is against intelligence.
The classic ed and its visual version which is called vi are really good-enough if done right. The central concept here is simple regexps bound to one key commands, and that these commands compose. This is the reason why vi is what it is.
What is interesting, the losses of those who got in after $10k could be approximated by analyzing daily trading volumes, and the sum of loses is about to exceed by far the .com loses.
Such a huge loss of real, usually borrowed, money must affect the economy, at least in US and Asia.
The legacy of Bitcoin should be studied to understand better how memes or semantic viruses are spreading through social groups and affects our inner representations or models of the world, trained by endless screaming streams of bullshit^W information we are forced to process.
There is nothing more fascinating than this - how a global Ponzi Scheme based on a few memes about poorly understood abstract concepts unfolds.
Not only this. In the domain of lazy functional languages they have arrived to a similar conclusion - the only way to establish an order of evaluation in a lazy language is via nesting of function calls, which is an implementation of causality principle, if you think of it for a while. No wonder monads and other things desugars into nested function calls.
"Time" is an abstract concept superimposed on reality, a product of the mind conditioned via sequential sense organs. It is of the same nature as the concepts of "god" and "divinity". Smart people are trying to rule it out from their computations.
This is what globalization is all about. Someone, lets say US and EU, do very costly and high skilled labour intensive R&D and then sell the results all around the world (just take a look at what is going on in genetic engineering and pharma - billions and billions are being paid in salaries and other expenses every year, look at Uber, which develops its own AI software, while losing billions, etc).
Of course, the soviets and chinese are unhappy, because they are self-proclaim themselves as being no less "great" and capable, while, in fact, they have nothing even vaguely comparable with the US R&D machine, fueled with top talent and endless investment bank's money from all over the world (Saudis, Softbank, Norwegian sovereign fund, etc).
And, of course, being an R&D hub of the world is absolute win in the long run.
The tiny Swiss being the world leaders of R&D in industrial robotics is another great example. And soviets and chinese have nothing but propaganda, false claims and unsupported imperial ambitions.
This is definitely a new development in philosophy and even in physics. Joe Armstrong would really appreciate this.
I almost could see it vividly - the beard, 0-rh designer glasses, macbook pro with many stickers and a vegan smoothie. Time is partial, dude, you know.
Western concept of meditation (mudra-holding sitting in a crowded room, wearing special yoga pants) has almost nothing to do with the original meaning, which was "let the mind stop by itself, become 100% idle, so the so called primordial awareness - life itself, which is prior to the language-based intellect, could be realized as one's own true nature", which uses breathing techniques, isolation from society, solitude (contrary to the narcissistically idiotic group settings), moderate austerities (the Buddha strongly emphasized futility of the extreme ones) and balanced body-mind complex in general.
All that cosplay, which almost screams at you - "I am yogin, look at me, I am meditator, look at me! I have this spiritual hairstyle and all the mystic tattoos", is so distant from the original meaning of the ancient practices, it is just ridiculous.
Study must be bad, because they obviously does not have any proper setting, like everything-else-being-equal, proper control groups, etc.
I could challenge any naive yoga-meditation zealot with assertion, that breath-holding divers, Nepalese porters (high altitude goods carriers) and marathon runners will exhibit similar but much better physiological reading, because the most important part is any yoga/meditation practices is regularity and restoring the original balance of the body/mind complex which is just proper homeostasis.
Rally, try these divers, porters and paraphon runners - they will put all the narcissistic yogins/meditators into shame.
> the stock market /is/ a set of correlated random variables
No. this is neo-platonic bullshit. In this context is here must be a type-error. What could be imagined in not what really is - reality is one, interpretations are infinite. Stock Market is the result of human (and computer) actions - the result of actions of all institutional participants. This is what it is.
A model could be created to be superimposed on these partially-observable stochastic processes (and, boy, there is no shortage of these, and no one is right, of course) but it will be only a model, usefulness and applicability of which depends upon who is using it and for what means (usually, bullshitting).
Geometry is closer to "what is" because it abstracts out "concrete" patterns this universe is able to produce (and lots of imaginary bullshit, of course).
Let me stress is a gain - maths are generalized and abstracted out patterns of what is, plus abstract sectarian bullshit. Reality comes first, (it is a closure) interpretations and abstractions are bound by it.
Future is not predictable by definition. It is just an abstract concept, a projection of the mind. Any modeling, however close to reality it might seem to be, is disconnected from it, like a movie or a cartoon. Following complex probabilistic inferences based on sophisticated models is like to act in life guided by movies or tantric literature (unless you are Goldman Sachs, of course).
For a fully observable, discrete, fully deterministic models, such as dice or a deck of cards probability could only say how likely a certain outcome might be, but not (and never) what exactly the next outcome would be.
Estimation of anything about non-fully-observable, partially-deterministic environments is a fucking numeric astrology with cosplay of being a math genius.
No matter what kind of math you pile up - equations from thermodynamics, gaussian distributions or what not it is still disconnected from reality stories, like the ones in tantras.
When I read this for the first time I have been literally shocked by sudden realization that I have coded some stuff in PHP but never knew it is such a crap.
It also taught me that I literally know nothing, that I am merely a stupid coder, not a programmer, so I undertook a serious study of CS fundamentals to be able to write an article like this in the future.
Now, after a few years of studying, I know a half-a-dozen of languages and I know crap when I see it. Ironically, what is going on with the Node ecosystem puts PHP3 into a shame. But it is natural, because most of JS coders have no CS background. People with CS background sometimes produce gems like Go or Erlang, while "mere coders" always produce things like PHP, J2EE and npm.
There is only one thing that I regret - it could save me so much time by not reading bullshit on the web if only I could find the right books (like Programming Erlang, Haskell School of Expression or On Lisp) and right courses (like Dan Grossman's and 6.001 2004 - the last course in Scheme) first. There is a huge, qualitative difference between a well-written gems like these and fucking crap some narcissistic idiots post in their blogs.
I have found the right books and the right courses by literally swimming thorough the sewers for years. A decent school will teach you the right principles, instead of irrelevant details, in ML or Scheme right from the beginning.
The same problem again - disconnected from reality humanities majors and liberal arts academics trying to regulate ecosystems they do not comprehend or understand.
They are guided by abstract nonsense instead of careful judgements based on the scientific method (measure, make and test your hypothesis).
There is no meaning of wrapping anything in a monad in a strict language, where the order of evaluation is well-defined, narcissistic snowflakery aside.
In other words, a Monad in the context of CS or PL is the solution to a problem which does not arise in Scala.
And, of course, an option type does not need to be a Maybe monad.