For those who are interested in faster hashmaps, I tried bunch of hashmaps and this one performs better than others. This is for C. Maybe C++ has better hashmaps.
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> And how much impact does it have on runtime performance? Well even computing a sum for a relative small number 1000, according to cppbench, the signed version is 430X faster.
Although you can find these kind of examples for a few lines of code snippet, the question is what is the impact on overall program? Nowadays, I guess it has no impact for almost all programs. Because memory access patterns, system call overhead, operating system interaction etc. have much more impact on overall performance compared to optimizations enabled by undefined behaviors.