Understanding the Odin programming language(odinbook.com)
odinbook.com
Understanding the Odin programming language
https://odinbook.com/
85 comments
Did you try Swift? Its interoperability with C (and even C++) is great IMHO.
It's GC
Pedantically I’ll say it’s reference counted, and someone else will say that’s still a form of GC and I’ll just save us the mini-thread.
Reference counting has deterministic timing, you can run a deconstructor without registering objects for deletion and running any known finalizers (what you need to do in all GC langs I’m aware of.)
Reference counting has deterministic timing, you can run a deconstructor without registering objects for deletion and running any known finalizers (what you need to do in all GC langs I’m aware of.)
> Reference counting has deterministic timing
Define “deterministic timing”.
- One object going out of scope may mean calling free once, but it also can trigger calling free billions of objects, even for the exact same object
- Even freeing one object can have largely varying running time, e.g. to coalesce free blocks or, because it happens to be the last block in a virtual memory region, to unmap a block of virtual memory, blocking the program potentially for an arbitrary time
- With garbage collection (as with reference counting), lots of the overhead of objects going out of scope can be moved onto a specialized thread.
> you can run a deconstructor without registering objects
Not requiring finalizes does make reference counting easier, yes. The downside is have to store the reference counts somewhere, and keep them up to date (enough)
Define “deterministic timing”.
- One object going out of scope may mean calling free once, but it also can trigger calling free billions of objects, even for the exact same object
- Even freeing one object can have largely varying running time, e.g. to coalesce free blocks or, because it happens to be the last block in a virtual memory region, to unmap a block of virtual memory, blocking the program potentially for an arbitrary time
- With garbage collection (as with reference counting), lots of the overhead of objects going out of scope can be moved onto a specialized thread.
> you can run a deconstructor without registering objects
Not requiring finalizes does make reference counting easier, yes. The downside is have to store the reference counts somewhere, and keep them up to date (enough)
Yes, but only classes are GC (refcounted as parent comment says, indeed). structs and other elements are not.
You can even use the same ownership model as rust (borrowing et al.) with non copyable types.
You can even use the same ownership model as rust (borrowing et al.) with non copyable types.
If the major obstacle for adopting Rust is C interop, you may find my project CO2[1] appealing. It helps you to define C crates, `#include` C headers, while exporting a Rust API with Rust types in your crate boundary.
[1]: https://github.com/hkalbasi/co2
[1]: https://github.com/hkalbasi/co2
That is, imho, where Rust fails the most - the second part is the C++’ish approach to memory management (RAII) - that’s not how systems programming or games (I’m told) tend to work.
What does this mean? Who told you that?
What does this mean? Who told you that?
Casey Muratori and Jon Blow have pushed this concept frequently.
They largely don't deeply elaborate, which is sad because I am a professional game developer who is interested in precisely presented knowledge so I can apply it to my work.
My interpretation is that games want to allocate large pools of resources, like GPU buffers, cpu memory, etc, and reuse that memory over and over. Ie: Reinitialize it.
In my experience, RAII is my preferred pattern for certain things (std::lock_guard), and you can almost certainly express the majority of these "uber game dev patterns" using RAII/smart pointers/etc, but the c++ implementation of these "uber game dev patterns" tends to be more complicated (and imo esthetically ugly) compared to really well written C.
These new languages (zig, odin, jai) appear to be attempts to improve C to allow an alternative to C++ that doesn't have the ugly baggage that C++ has.
They largely don't deeply elaborate, which is sad because I am a professional game developer who is interested in precisely presented knowledge so I can apply it to my work.
My interpretation is that games want to allocate large pools of resources, like GPU buffers, cpu memory, etc, and reuse that memory over and over. Ie: Reinitialize it.
In my experience, RAII is my preferred pattern for certain things (std::lock_guard), and you can almost certainly express the majority of these "uber game dev patterns" using RAII/smart pointers/etc, but the c++ implementation of these "uber game dev patterns" tends to be more complicated (and imo esthetically ugly) compared to really well written C.
These new languages (zig, odin, jai) appear to be attempts to improve C to allow an alternative to C++ that doesn't have the ugly baggage that C++ has.
From what I understood, their critique of RAII is twofold: coupling of allocation and initialisation, and enforcement of deallocation. The ease of use of smart pointers makes it tempting to allocate/free of temporary structures even within one single function. Given enough number of such occurrences, it kills performance by a thousand cuts. Also I remember they mentioned it’s not necessary to free memory if you’re about to close your program, because the OS will take the memory back. Obviously you need to gracefully deinitialise some things, like audio or other devices, but that’s beyond the discussion.
As on some references, Ryan Fleury did an episode on Wookash podcast on RAD debugger showing ECS like approach.
IMO, their RAII critique is a but nuanced, but because of their personality the discourse often gets polarising.
Edit: the sibling comment just proved my last point.
As on some references, Ryan Fleury did an episode on Wookash podcast on RAD debugger showing ECS like approach.
IMO, their RAII critique is a but nuanced, but because of their personality the discourse often gets polarising.
Edit: the sibling comment just proved my last point.
most of that criticism only works on C++. rust does enforce RAII but uses stack allocation for locals by default instead of touching the heap so it skips the slow part.
on the other hand there are no constructors (just normal functions) so you cant initialize values in place, only stack allocate and return. i think rust needs to add in place init and change the rules from "always init at declaration site" to "must be initialized at first use" like kotlin.
the big missing piece is custom allocators that let you use something like a bump arena with the same convenience as system malloc. they already exist on nightly but nobody knows when they will land on stable.
honestly thats the biggest problem with rust, they come up with a lot of useful changes but then take ages to stabilize because the core team is overworked. they also have a kind of perfectionist culture as a reaction to all the half baked features shipping in C++.
there should be a stage between nightly and full release where feature is in stable toolchains behind a cfg flag and you get a warning if upstream crates use it. show commitment to shipping it in time but still make it clear that it can change (in minor incompatible ways) before release.
on the other hand there are no constructors (just normal functions) so you cant initialize values in place, only stack allocate and return. i think rust needs to add in place init and change the rules from "always init at declaration site" to "must be initialized at first use" like kotlin.
the big missing piece is custom allocators that let you use something like a bump arena with the same convenience as system malloc. they already exist on nightly but nobody knows when they will land on stable.
honestly thats the biggest problem with rust, they come up with a lot of useful changes but then take ages to stabilize because the core team is overworked. they also have a kind of perfectionist culture as a reaction to all the half baked features shipping in C++.
there should be a stage between nightly and full release where feature is in stable toolchains behind a cfg flag and you get a warning if upstream crates use it. show commitment to shipping it in time but still make it clear that it can change (in minor incompatible ways) before release.
> honestly thats the biggest problem with rust, they come up with a lot of useful changes but then take ages to stabilize because the core team is overworked
On the contrary, that has been one of Rust's biggest strengths. My impression when reading through stdlib was that they got so many things right, and for that to happen, things need to be thought out properly.
Case in point, it'd be such a shame if they stabilized the allocator API, only for us to forever regret never getting the storage API [1] instead, or vice-versa, depending on which one turns out to be more pragmatic.
> they also have a kind of perfectionist culture as a reaction to all the half baked features shipping in C++.
And that's a good thing! Some people really dislike the constant influx of new features due to the overwhelming complexity it leads to. So if we do have new features, they better be worth it.
[1] https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/3446
On the contrary, that has been one of Rust's biggest strengths. My impression when reading through stdlib was that they got so many things right, and for that to happen, things need to be thought out properly.
Case in point, it'd be such a shame if they stabilized the allocator API, only for us to forever regret never getting the storage API [1] instead, or vice-versa, depending on which one turns out to be more pragmatic.
> they also have a kind of perfectionist culture as a reaction to all the half baked features shipping in C++.
And that's a good thing! Some people really dislike the constant influx of new features due to the overwhelming complexity it leads to. So if we do have new features, they better be worth it.
[1] https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/3446
Thanks for this, I’m actually learning Rust (albeit slowly) atm, and still can’t wrap my head around how arena allocs would fit the borrow checker
I haven't written any serious Rust in a while, but I assume there is some kind of lifetime annotation involved. The "objects" allocated in the arena have to be explicitly given the same lifetime as the arena itself. I have no idea how that looks syntactically.
There are several libraries for doing arena allocation in Rust, e.g. bumpalo: https://crates.io/crates/bumpalo , see the documentation for examples (it's quite easy to use and fits the borrow checker very well). The comments in here regarding Rust are somewhat misleading; Rust doesn't require unstable/nightly features to do this sort of stuff. What's unstable in Rust right now is a standardized interface for generically working with allocators (see https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/156882 for the most recent progress), including support for the containers provided by the stdlib.
The ease of use of smart pointers makes it tempting to allocate/free of temporary structures even within one single function. Given enough number of such occurrences, it kills performance by a thousand cuts.
This isn't true and doesn't make any sense. Smart pointers don't need to enter into it. If you need a lot of something you make a vector and allocate once.
Also I remember they mentioned it’s not necessary to free memory if you’re about to close your program, because the OS will take the memory back.
It is an extremely niche scenario to need a program to shut down so much faster that you can't even deallocate memory. If you don't make lots of small allocations in the first place the deallocations won't take any time.
Obviously you need to gracefully deinitialise some things, like audio or other devices, but that’s beyond the discussion.
It's actually a pretty big advantage to destructors to deal with stuff like this as well as memory and locks.
IMO, their RAII critique is a but nuanced, but because of their personality the discourse often gets polarising.
I think it gets polarizing because they are both undeniably sharp programmers but don't have any real evidence of this stuff, they are just grasping at rationalizations.
This isn't true and doesn't make any sense. Smart pointers don't need to enter into it. If you need a lot of something you make a vector and allocate once.
Also I remember they mentioned it’s not necessary to free memory if you’re about to close your program, because the OS will take the memory back.
It is an extremely niche scenario to need a program to shut down so much faster that you can't even deallocate memory. If you don't make lots of small allocations in the first place the deallocations won't take any time.
Obviously you need to gracefully deinitialise some things, like audio or other devices, but that’s beyond the discussion.
It's actually a pretty big advantage to destructors to deal with stuff like this as well as memory and locks.
IMO, their RAII critique is a but nuanced, but because of their personality the discourse often gets polarising.
I think it gets polarizing because they are both undeniably sharp programmers but don't have any real evidence of this stuff, they are just grasping at rationalizations.
Casey Muratori and Jon Blow are both hyper-dogmatic "my way or the highway" types, and, crucially, neither of them has built any of the super high fidelity types of game that would require that level of optimisation. They're basically influencer types.
Casey worked on tooling for AAA games that most certainly needed “that level” of optimization.
Jon Blow worked on numerous AAA games that required “that level” of optimization. And he’s one of the very few developers in the last 15 years who have managed to sell more than a million copies of a game running on a scratch built 3D engine.
You can disagree with their opinions, but they certainly have the experience to back those opinions up.
Jon Blow worked on numerous AAA games that required “that level” of optimization. And he’s one of the very few developers in the last 15 years who have managed to sell more than a million copies of a game running on a scratch built 3D engine.
You can disagree with their opinions, but they certainly have the experience to back those opinions up.
Well, Minecraft sold far more and it's a scratch built 3d engine isn't it? Popularity is certainly not a technical achievement.
Minecraft doesn't use an off the shelf engine, but I wouldn't really call Minecraft scratch built. It's built on top of LWJGL.
Popularity isn't a technical achievement in itself. But what is a technical achievement is that he built a visually impressive 3d engine that worked well enough for over a million people to buy it at a time when almost no one else was doing this. Minecraft was released nearly 10 years earlier--before Unity and Unreal had completely taken over.
I'm also not saying that the witness engine is somehow better than anything else out there, but it's a significant enough technical accomplishment that along with Jon Blow's other work, he has the experience to back up his opinions.
I've also never seen the critique that Jon Blow is just an influencer with no relevant experience from anyone with equivalent relevant experience. I've seen other experienced game devs who disagree with him, but I've never seen them say that he doesn't have the experience to have them.
Popularity isn't a technical achievement in itself. But what is a technical achievement is that he built a visually impressive 3d engine that worked well enough for over a million people to buy it at a time when almost no one else was doing this. Minecraft was released nearly 10 years earlier--before Unity and Unreal had completely taken over.
I'm also not saying that the witness engine is somehow better than anything else out there, but it's a significant enough technical accomplishment that along with Jon Blow's other work, he has the experience to back up his opinions.
I've also never seen the critique that Jon Blow is just an influencer with no relevant experience from anyone with equivalent relevant experience. I've seen other experienced game devs who disagree with him, but I've never seen them say that he doesn't have the experience to have them.
Dunno, the Witness had gorgeous lighting. Both have consulted for AAA too.
Casey spends a lot of effort on what he considers an anti-pattern where you're making a huge number of separate objects. I think a lot of this comes from Java, a language where all the user defined types actually are obliged to be heap allocations. If I make a Goose type, and I say I want a Goose, Java will allocate space on the heap for the Goose and put my Goose there, that's really how Java works. If I make a growable array of them ArrayList<Goose>, and add each of 500 geese, that's 500 allocations for geese plus maybe 8 allocations for the ArrayList, so 508 total. Ouch. If making a Goose was itself cheap this overhead hurts badly.
But a lot of languages aren't like that, and so this doesn't translate. Obviously in Rust with Vec<Goose> that's only 8 allocations, each local Goose lives in the stack - or, if you knew up front there were 500 geese, you Vec::with_capacity(500) and it's a single allocation - but similar is true in many languages, Java is an outlier.
But a lot of languages aren't like that, and so this doesn't translate. Obviously in Rust with Vec<Goose> that's only 8 allocations, each local Goose lives in the stack - or, if you knew up front there were 500 geese, you Vec::with_capacity(500) and it's a single allocation - but similar is true in many languages, Java is an outlier.
Java doesn't mandate the usage of a heap - it can in certain cases avoid doing so and allocate on the stack (escape analysis).
Besides, as mentioned java's allocations are much closer to something like using an arena in a low-level language, then a "slow" malloc. It uses thread-local allocation buffers, where you have a large buffer with a pointer pointing to the start of the free region. Allocation is just a pointer bump, not even needing synchronization since it is per a single thread. As it gets full, the GC moves out still alive objects in the background and resets the buffer.
This is pretty much the most efficient one can be after per-object type arenas and simply not allocating.
Besides, as mentioned java's allocations are much closer to something like using an arena in a low-level language, then a "slow" malloc. It uses thread-local allocation buffers, where you have a large buffer with a pointer pointing to the start of the free region. Allocation is just a pointer bump, not even needing synchronization since it is per a single thread. As it gets full, the GC moves out still alive objects in the background and resets the buffer.
This is pretty much the most efficient one can be after per-object type arenas and simply not allocating.
You're correct that by an "as if" rule the JIT may in some cases be able to do this trick, but the specification says you're getting a heap allocation and so in most cases, including the example I gave that's exactly what happens.
It doesn't matter that you say this is "much closer to something like using an arena". It's definitely work that we needn't do at all and that's AFAICT that's how Casey ends up over-correcting so badly.
> This is pretty much the most efficient one can be after per-object type arenas and simply not allocating.
Sure. "A C is pretty much the highest grade one can get in this class, after grades A and B".
It doesn't matter that you say this is "much closer to something like using an arena". It's definitely work that we needn't do at all and that's AFAICT that's how Casey ends up over-correcting so badly.
> This is pretty much the most efficient one can be after per-object type arenas and simply not allocating.
Sure. "A C is pretty much the highest grade one can get in this class, after grades A and B".
What "work" do we do needlessly? It's a pointer bump. With reclamation being no work. Comparatively a malloc call will have to do extra work to defragment.
Also, a stack is not a separate hardware element of the RAM, it's not faster than a sufficiently hot part of the heap - it just so happens that the current stack frame is pretty likely to be in cache.
Also, a stack is not a separate hardware element of the RAM, it's not faster than a sufficiently hot part of the heap - it just so happens that the current stack frame is pretty likely to be in cache.
Maybe I'm missing something but when would the 500 geese instances ever be stack allocated in Rust? That comparison seems unfair, the lifetime of that kind of object isn't going to be compatible with stack allocation.
Allocations are really really cheap in Java by the way, so I don't get how 500 allocations would even be an issue.
Allocations are really really cheap in Java by the way, so I don't get how 500 allocations would even be an issue.
When you make a local variable with a Goose in Java, that's a heap allocation
Goose jim = make_a_goose_somehow(); // Java, so jim is on the Heap, no way around it
let jim : Goose = make_a_goose_somehow(); // Rust, jim is on the stack
ArrayList<Goose> geese = new ArrayList<Goose>();
// ... some loop eventually
Goose a_goose = somehow_get_this_goose(); // That's an allocation
geese.add(a_goose);
let geese: Vec<Goose> = Vec::new();
// ... some loop eventually
let a_goose : Goose = somehow_get_this_goose(); // But this is not
geese.push(a_goose);Memory is memory, stack is not a unique hardware element. It just tends to be hot, but so can certain part of "the heap".
Of course this is a toy example, but were the compiler not smart enough (it is surely smart enough in this case) then the "too simple rust" version may actually be slower - it would allocate a Vec on the stack, but only a length, capacity and a pointer is stored there, the actual backing array is on the heap. Then it would create stuff on the stack, and copy over those bytes to the heap, object by object (it's a move).
Meanwhile the java version would have a continuous region of memory, next to it it would have objects, and it would just write pointers to said objects without moving/copying anything.
Surely enough rust is smart enough to optimize out this useless move in this case, but I think you are painting a way too simplified picture here.
Of course this is a toy example, but were the compiler not smart enough (it is surely smart enough in this case) then the "too simple rust" version may actually be slower - it would allocate a Vec on the stack, but only a length, capacity and a pointer is stored there, the actual backing array is on the heap. Then it would create stuff on the stack, and copy over those bytes to the heap, object by object (it's a move).
Meanwhile the java version would have a continuous region of memory, next to it it would have objects, and it would just write pointers to said objects without moving/copying anything.
Surely enough rust is smart enough to optimize out this useless move in this case, but I think you are painting a way too simplified picture here.
What tialaramex is saying is that, in the Java code, there will be a separate allocation for every `a_goose` that gets added to the ArrayList, whereas the Rust code only has a single allocation for the backing storage for the Vec (not counting the resizes that occur as the ArrayList/Vec grows (both cases have ways to preallocate the proper size to avoid any resizes)). The context of this subthread is just to explain why someone who has Java experience might be prone to overcorrection when it comes to avoiding heap allocations.
I think those guys both hate C++ so much that they want to dismiss everything about it instead of using all the features that work for them like most people.
My interpretation is that games want to allocate large pools of resources, like GPU buffers, cpu memory, etc, and reuse that memory over and over. Ie: Reinitialize it.
They might say this, but there isn't a good technical rationalization here since anyone can create a global data structure just as easily in C++.
My interpretation is that games want to allocate large pools of resources, like GPU buffers, cpu memory, etc, and reuse that memory over and over. Ie: Reinitialize it.
They might say this, but there isn't a good technical rationalization here since anyone can create a global data structure just as easily in C++.
Exactly! The most interesting arguments for Rust that I've ever read have come not from people who hate C++, but precisely from people who are really into C++, because those are the people who actually recognise its shortcomings are are better positioned to give INSIGHTFUL criticism into it.
People who are motivated by a superiority complex or by the wish to impress a herd of twitter followers hardly if ever produce a thought I want to read.
People who are motivated by a superiority complex or by the wish to impress a herd of twitter followers hardly if ever produce a thought I want to read.
Hate C++? They both use(d) it...
I didn't say they don't know it.
As opposed to using C, Rust, or something else (Jon eventually made Jai but Casey still uses C++). Obviously they don't outright hate it.
> Casey Muratori and Jon Blow have pushed this concept frequently
Ah... The school of what I like to call "maximum opinions and minimal evidence". Aggressive arrogant dismissal of anything except their exact view (and for Muratori, you're also "woke" for good measure), coupled with a complete lack of _hard evidence_ to back up their views. In that regard, they're not unlike "investment advice" instagram influencers.
Ah... The school of what I like to call "maximum opinions and minimal evidence". Aggressive arrogant dismissal of anything except their exact view (and for Muratori, you're also "woke" for good measure), coupled with a complete lack of _hard evidence_ to back up their views. In that regard, they're not unlike "investment advice" instagram influencers.
"coupled with a complete lack of _hard evidence_ to back up their views"
Didn't Casey Muratori write a proof of concept windows terminal to highlight Microsoft's substandard implementation? And Jonathan Blow has spent the past decade+ developing his own programming language and funding the development of a game. Seems like they are backing their views.
Didn't Casey Muratori write a proof of concept windows terminal to highlight Microsoft's substandard implementation? And Jonathan Blow has spent the past decade+ developing his own programming language and funding the development of a game. Seems like they are backing their views.
I can see why you would think that about Jon Blow, though I disagree. But Casey? He has a number of thorough videos with plenty of evidence, and has never struck me as arrogant.
Apparently you're the school of dismissive person who can't even be bothered to look up their technical achievements.
Games ? Many have talked about it, but many also make their games work inside of Unity and so on, so, depends on the project.
My angle is systems programming, and there, it absolutely matter. If you are performance sensitive, then you try to avoid crossing the user-space -> kernel boundary more than you have to.
Eg, ask for lots of memory, manage with arenas.
Interestingly Odin and Zig both lean into this heavily. Rust went a different route but has tried later to bolt on pluggable allocators.
My angle is systems programming, and there, it absolutely matter. If you are performance sensitive, then you try to avoid crossing the user-space -> kernel boundary more than you have to.
Eg, ask for lots of memory, manage with arenas.
Interestingly Odin and Zig both lean into this heavily. Rust went a different route but has tried later to bolt on pluggable allocators.
Rust barely even trying on the pluggable allocators (seems like it's never going to land, afaik "allocator-api" has been sitting proposed in nightly only since 2018) is one of the things that frustrates me (fulltime Rust eng) about the language and makes me feel like it's just a language that's been eaten by web services developers, applications level work, and/or tokio, and isn't "serious" as a systems PL really despite the verbiage.
Building a database, operating system, etc. absolutely requires fine tuned control over allocation. You can get around some of these things in Rust, but it will fight you. You'll effectively have to turn your back on the containers in std and build your own vectors, maybe even your own Box, etc.
Odin looks really appealing to me at one level, but I'd have a hard time switching to any language at this point that doesn't have a borrow checker story.
Building a database, operating system, etc. absolutely requires fine tuned control over allocation. You can get around some of these things in Rust, but it will fight you. You'll effectively have to turn your back on the containers in std and build your own vectors, maybe even your own Box, etc.
Odin looks really appealing to me at one level, but I'd have a hard time switching to any language at this point that doesn't have a borrow checker story.
> My angle is systems programming, and there, it absolutely matter. If you are performance sensitive, then you try to avoid crossing the user-space -> kernel boundary more than you have to. Eg, ask for lots of memory, manage with arenas.
This gives the misleading impression that ordinary memory allocators are materially different from arena allocators. They aren't. Both types of allocators first ask for a big block of memory from the kernel, then dole that memory out in userspace. There's no need to cross the userspace/kernel boundary more often than you need to, especially when you consider that you can replace the standard platform allocator with whatever you want.
To wit, C doesn't emphasize arena allocation anywhere near as much as Zig et al do, and yet nobody alleges that C is somehow less suitable for systems programming than these languages. Have you considered why that is? Because, for the most part, arena allocation doesn't make a significant difference, and in the places where it actually does make a difference, you can trivially build an arena allocator on top of the standard allocator.
This gives the misleading impression that ordinary memory allocators are materially different from arena allocators. They aren't. Both types of allocators first ask for a big block of memory from the kernel, then dole that memory out in userspace. There's no need to cross the userspace/kernel boundary more often than you need to, especially when you consider that you can replace the standard platform allocator with whatever you want.
To wit, C doesn't emphasize arena allocation anywhere near as much as Zig et al do, and yet nobody alleges that C is somehow less suitable for systems programming than these languages. Have you considered why that is? Because, for the most part, arena allocation doesn't make a significant difference, and in the places where it actually does make a difference, you can trivially build an arena allocator on top of the standard allocator.
Agreed. IME the main reason to choose arena allocators is for correctness, not speed. They make similar time/space tradeoffs to garbage collectors in that they grant higher allocation throughput in exchange for more memory usage.
The perf argument against RAII is very abstract and is less "RAII causes bad performance" and more "the kind of design that leads you to reach for RAII is the kind of design that's bad for performance." There exist similar hand-wavy arguments against many other C++/Rust features.
More generally, "you shouldn't even want that" is basically a meme at this point in programming language design. Every new-ish language has some version of it.
The perf argument against RAII is very abstract and is less "RAII causes bad performance" and more "the kind of design that leads you to reach for RAII is the kind of design that's bad for performance." There exist similar hand-wavy arguments against many other C++/Rust features.
More generally, "you shouldn't even want that" is basically a meme at this point in programming language design. Every new-ish language has some version of it.
Correctness (the kind that comes from simplicity and maintainability) and performance pretty much always go hand in hand. The only additional ingredient to "bridge the gap" between the two is detail.
Look up a few comments, I do systems programming. I am aware, you are barking up the wrong tree, friend.
That said. You asked about C, which I use for my job. Most every large C code base end up abandoning the stdlib (such as it is) and inventing their own. Since they do, we aren’t as hurt by abandoning it as you would be in e.g. Rust - the rust stdlib is useful, the C stdlib is.. not great.
Once you abandon the stdlib, a likely first stop is writing your own routines for allocating and freeing memory. There are different approaches here, from glib’s or sqlite’s alloc and free routines to people writing an allocator abstraction (basically a struct with a vtable for allocating/realloc/free) and when you build your own “stdlib” around this abstraction, you are fine.
As for why you may want arenas vs other allocation strategies, that again deals with how often you are comfortable going across the user-space/kernel boundary and how clever you can be with your allocations or how much internal fragmentation you can accept.
As with all other stuff, it depends. But arenas are often great when you can assert that a series of objects share the same lifetime (death time, rather). In these cases, your amortize the syscall cost, have nearly no additional work to manage the memory (contrast to e.g. the complexity of jemalloc) and can free a series of objects in constant time.
That said. You asked about C, which I use for my job. Most every large C code base end up abandoning the stdlib (such as it is) and inventing their own. Since they do, we aren’t as hurt by abandoning it as you would be in e.g. Rust - the rust stdlib is useful, the C stdlib is.. not great.
Once you abandon the stdlib, a likely first stop is writing your own routines for allocating and freeing memory. There are different approaches here, from glib’s or sqlite’s alloc and free routines to people writing an allocator abstraction (basically a struct with a vtable for allocating/realloc/free) and when you build your own “stdlib” around this abstraction, you are fine.
As for why you may want arenas vs other allocation strategies, that again deals with how often you are comfortable going across the user-space/kernel boundary and how clever you can be with your allocations or how much internal fragmentation you can accept.
As with all other stuff, it depends. But arenas are often great when you can assert that a series of objects share the same lifetime (death time, rather). In these cases, your amortize the syscall cost, have nearly no additional work to manage the memory (contrast to e.g. the complexity of jemalloc) and can free a series of objects in constant time.
Yeah, that's weird. I first learned about RAII from professional game developers at gamedev.net.
I've been using Odin for about 6 months now, and to be honest, it's hard to find fault with it. I've used it for STM32 microcontroller firmware, web and desktop applications, and all are performant and compile quickly.
My one issue is (and I'm fully aware it will never happen) I do wish there was some sort of first-class solution to inheritance. I've grown to love procedural programming, but some problems really are just better solved with a more OOP approach. Just because classes exist does not mean they need to be used.
But as far as a language to "get stuff done" with as few tradeoffs as possible, Odin is about as good as I can imagine a language being.
My one issue is (and I'm fully aware it will never happen) I do wish there was some sort of first-class solution to inheritance. I've grown to love procedural programming, but some problems really are just better solved with a more OOP approach. Just because classes exist does not mean they need to be used.
But as far as a language to "get stuff done" with as few tradeoffs as possible, Odin is about as good as I can imagine a language being.
Out of curiosity:
In your opinion, could a minimal system to develop in Odin be squeezed into a device like the one(s) you targeted?
That's assuming maybe some tweaks to the toolset, doing without some niceties, but not cutting core features out of the language.
Asking 'cause I have a passing interest in programming languages that allow for native development on really small implementations (think sub-1MB on bare metal). The list of candidates doesn't seem long.
In your opinion, could a minimal system to develop in Odin be squeezed into a device like the one(s) you targeted?
That's assuming maybe some tweaks to the toolset, doing without some niceties, but not cutting core features out of the language.
Asking 'cause I have a passing interest in programming languages that allow for native development on really small implementations (think sub-1MB on bare metal). The list of candidates doesn't seem long.
Odin is not like JS or something where you'd need a VM or transpilation process to target an embedded system. It's just C with nicer syntax and modern data structures, there's no "squeezing" required. You just compile for the target you want to run on.
Here's a UI framework, if you scroll down you'll see it on a Raspi Pico: https://github.com/MadlyFX/Ansuz
Here's a UI framework, if you scroll down you'll see it on a Raspi Pico: https://github.com/MadlyFX/Ansuz
I think you missed "native development". I'll rephrase:
Could a toolset to develop in Odin be made to run on (not just target) an STM32 microcontroller like you used?
> It's just C with nicer syntax and modern data structures
That suggests the above would (in theory) be possible for any device that's roughly in the same class as "can run a C compiler". Correct?
Could a toolset to develop in Odin be made to run on (not just target) an STM32 microcontroller like you used?
> It's just C with nicer syntax and modern data structures
That suggests the above would (in theory) be possible for any device that's roughly in the same class as "can run a C compiler". Correct?
> STM32 microcontroller
The answer is "yes" depending on what you mean by STM32 :D
But if it's one we don't currently support officially, it should be pretty easy to support too, with probably a little extra assembly.
The answer is "yes" depending on what you mean by STM32 :D
But if it's one we don't currently support officially, it should be pretty easy to support too, with probably a little extra assembly.
> It's just C with nicer syntax and modern data structures
it's not, it's llvm
it's not, it's llvm
Okay, I mean obviously :D I was more trying to convey the feeling of it.
I’d be interested in reading about your experience building web applications with it. Last I looked, its stdlib didn’t have great support for that.
There’s an official http package coming out and native tls support as well.
Yeah, but OP has built web applications without those. So, I wonder how they went about it.
I used WASM
I'd like to hear more about Odin + STM32 MCU firmware, do you have any good resources? I'm also curious how difficult it may be to using it with ESP32 (ESP-IDF) / RP2350.
You can look at my repo here: https://github.com/MadlyFX/odin-embedded-boilerplate
I don't believe Xtensa (ESP32) is supported yet, but people have been asking for it, so it may happen at some point. ARM is well supported now though, obviously.
I don't believe Xtensa (ESP32) is supported yet, but people have been asking for it, so it may happen at some point. ARM is well supported now though, obviously.
I wonder if this will help them get a wikipedia page. (not sure whether this comment is a joke or serious...)
It would, but the book has existed for a while now, which is a good thing for anyone looking to learn Odin. The author, Karl, has had time to polish and update the text. He has his own Discord and is also available in the Odin Discord and makes helpful posts there as well.
This was a pretty funny video for a language launch:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dLPAqXi9In0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dLPAqXi9In0
Kinda wanna know why I should learn this language. Unfortunately there’s no wiki entry (deleted with some controversy abut notability), so it’s hard to get the gist of it.
Odin overview is great resource for getting a quick gist (and learning the language as a bonus): https://odin-lang.org/docs/overview/
But mainly, language doesn't have a special gimmick. The main idea (imo) is it is opinionated to have defaults to cater for majority of the cases. So once you get used to it, it is pleasure to write C-like code in it.
But mainly, language doesn't have a special gimmick. The main idea (imo) is it is opinionated to have defaults to cater for majority of the cases. So once you get used to it, it is pleasure to write C-like code in it.
I wonder when we'll see new languages created specifically with LLM's in mind.
I think it would be better to approach it from the other side, the priority is not to design a language for LLMs but a language more suitable for humans to think with. And not a natural language like English, which is inconsistent and allows illogical formulations, but something like Esperanto or Interlingua (Latino sine flexione). Something that is based on mathematics and logic at the bottom, like Lean, with enough abstraction layers for a person to be able to "speak" with the machine intuitively.
We’ve seen several already, just search it.
What would that look like?
I would guess a good way to implement a language meant for LLMs would be to strip out as many features as possible, so that all programs needed to be composed of just a handful of common structures written in shorthand. As much compiletime enforcement as possible. Maybe human-crafted abstractions for more error-prone concepts like multithreading that limit how they can be used in the language but provide ample, testable bumpers.
It would be interesting to design some mechanism where an external actor could program extensions into the language easily, which then would become a new black-box tool that an LLM could program with. Ideally though, I think you want to remove as much agency in reimplementation and re-abstraction as possible from the LLM. This is really just some tier above current high level languages, with as much dumbing down as possible.
I'm not sure this is really necessary or would even be effective because there wouldn't be a million examples for the training data of an LLM. But I imagine something along these lines could make an LLM more productive and token efficient.
It would be interesting to design some mechanism where an external actor could program extensions into the language easily, which then would become a new black-box tool that an LLM could program with. Ideally though, I think you want to remove as much agency in reimplementation and re-abstraction as possible from the LLM. This is really just some tier above current high level languages, with as much dumbing down as possible.
I'm not sure this is really necessary or would even be effective because there wouldn't be a million examples for the training data of an LLM. But I imagine something along these lines could make an LLM more productive and token efficient.
I don't know but I would imagine there are a lot of inefficiencies in modern languages from an LLM perspective that it could strip out, reduce token costs, improve speed etc.
You mean like assembly?
An LLM-only oriented language doesn't make sense, because without human generated training data there is nothing for the model to learn from.
But if a human-oriented language were to be designed to also be better for LLMs, I think it would involve deeply expressive syntax that can succinctly but distinctly represent a very broad set of common operations. Succinct so context can be managed well, distinct so completions don't confuse one thing for another, broad so as much "reasoning" can be taken away from the LLM as possible. An anti-C. A new take on the goals of Java and Go to be languages that protect the application from the Junior Developers You're Likely To Hire.
I somewhat think it would also involve application state images ala Smalltalk. LLMs seem okay at generating small deltas. Many deltas sequenced together invites compounding error. LLM generated apps are unlikely to lead to common libraries being compentized and extracted out of the application to share with other applications; it seems like LLM code generation is already a "married to a specific project" act already. So, having a living state image might reveal some benefits by leaning into incrementally developing the application in situ, as a whole.
But if a human-oriented language were to be designed to also be better for LLMs, I think it would involve deeply expressive syntax that can succinctly but distinctly represent a very broad set of common operations. Succinct so context can be managed well, distinct so completions don't confuse one thing for another, broad so as much "reasoning" can be taken away from the LLM as possible. An anti-C. A new take on the goals of Java and Go to be languages that protect the application from the Junior Developers You're Likely To Hire.
I somewhat think it would also involve application state images ala Smalltalk. LLMs seem okay at generating small deltas. Many deltas sequenced together invites compounding error. LLM generated apps are unlikely to lead to common libraries being compentized and extracted out of the application to share with other applications; it seems like LLM code generation is already a "married to a specific project" act already. So, having a living state image might reveal some benefits by leaning into incrementally developing the application in situ, as a whole.
yesfinally(4)
Never bought into rust (have studied, have a (mostly AI-generated app in rust).
Wrote some Zig but Odin is even less overhead for me. I first loved Zigs built-in build system but having tried to wrap/use C libraries from both, I must say I prefer Odin. Wrapping some sqlite 3 API’s for my first little Odin program - just because I need so little of the API that it seems easier this way - and speaking to C from Odin is a pleasure.
That is, imho, where Rust fails the most - the second part is the C++’ish approach to memory management (RAII) - that’s not how systems programming or games (I’m told) tend to work.
To each their own. I had some fun with Rust too, but for me, Odin seems the most appealing :)