It's difficult to speculate as to the exact failure from blurry pictures but the solder on that choke (inductor) looks terrible.
Something went wrong in manufacturing. The solder should have wicked to cover the entire pad, not just a small square, and there should be no (brown) discoloration.
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The flickering is solely a result of cost cutting in the power supplies of these LED lights. The problem is totally solvable with a constant current switching power supply. But the filtering circuitry adds cost.
Something went wrong in manufacturing. The solder should have wicked to cover the entire pad, not just a small square, and there should be no (brown) discoloration.