rbehrends · HackerTrans

15 часов назадdiscuss

My concern with most of these visual benchmarks, popular as they are, is that they are likely more indicative of knowledge (i.e. how comprehensive the training data is and how well it can be retrieved from the model) than of reasoning ability. I don't see in particular how a model would construct a CoT that mapped somehow to a representation of the cube geometry and its animations in latent space without a large chunk of that being pre-existing information.

rbehrends

в прошлом месяцеdiscuss

I mean, Western providers such as Fireworks AI/Microsoft Foundry (US) or Tensorix (EU) already are offering many of these models on their own hardware with all the typical compliance boxes ticked through a standard API. Either as open weight models or through partnerships with Chinese firms, or both. DeepSeek etc. do not have to do anything here other than making their models available to Western partners (either as open weights or through a licensing agreement).

rbehrends

2 месяца назадdiscuss

> For instance, OP's definition H = Var[G] / Var[P] seems to bypass the issues you mentioned:

No, this is exactly the definition I am talking about. The problem is that while theoretically you could work with Var(G)/Var(P) even if Cov(G, E) ≠ 0, studies are not designed to capture that.

In fact, the standard ACE model [1] used in twin studies explicitly assumes among other things that there is no gene-environment correlation. This means that it gets silently added to one or more of the ACE components; not because of any ill intentions, but simply because if you included covariance, the resulting system of equations would be underdetermined and could not be solved [2].

But to make matters worse, gene-environment correlation/interaction itself is disproportionately absorbed by the A and C components rather than E. All this can lead to inflated heritability estimates.

And to clarify, I am not making any pronunciations about how much relevance or magnitude that effect has; for all I know, this could in the end be a minor effect. My point here is that there is a lot of mathematical handwaving going on with very limited testability of the modeling.

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE_model

[2] If you want to be precise, you need to actually distinguish between gene-environment correlation and interaction and use P = G + E + (G x E), but that makes the system even more underdetermined, because now we have both Cov(G, E) and Var(G x E) to worry about.

rbehrends

2 месяца назадdiscuss

> That matches what I assumed it meant, and it seems like OP and the post are arguing that that is some kind of surprising interpretation.

The unintuitive part is that in quantitative genetics, heritability is defined in terms of variance in traits at the population level, not as the passing of traits from parents to offspring (that would be heredity [1]). Of course, I may have misinterpreted what you said in your OP when you cited the wiktionary definition of "[g]enetically transmissible from parent to offspring", and if so, I apologize, but at the time it seemed to me that you were talking about heredity.

> Uhm, no. That is exactly what I (and I think most people) would expect the answer to be.

What the article is talking about is that if you fix Var(E) = 0, then Var(P) = Var(G) in the standard heritability model, i.e. all phenotypic variance is explained entirely by genotypic variance (because in that model, Var(P) = Var(G) + Var(E)).

Fun fact (even if only tangentially unrelated): In Western countries, wearing glasses is a highly heritable trait, because wearing glasses is a strong proxy variable for refractive error [2], such as nearsightedness, which is highly heritable. It is often brought up as another example of how the quantitative genetics definition does not match conventional use of the word.

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heredity

[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_error

rbehrends

2 месяца назадdiscuss

Heritability has a very specific meaning in quantitative genetics [1], which in many ways is not what your intuition would suggest [2]. It is this usage that the article talks about that.

That said, there are plenty of critiques of this definition of heritability, and not just because it is different from what a layperson would expect it to mean.

For example, the way it is used also usually has a big problem in that the standard formula assumes that Cov(G, E) = 0 (or at least is negligible), whereas in practice that is not actually true [3, 4].

This definition of heritability is also mathematically flawed in that it assumes (without evidence) that P = G + E, or at least can be reasonably approximated this way. Given that human development is the result of a feedback loop involving genetic and environmental factors, one would expect a model closer to something like a Markov chain. Proposed justifications of a simple additive model as an approximation (e.g. via the central limit theorem for highly polygenic traits) have to my knowledge never been tested.

More recent genome-wide association studies [5] have actually shown a considerable gap between heritability estimates from genotype data and heritability estimates from twin studies, known as the "missing heritability problem".

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritability

[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_variance

[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%E2%80%93environment_inter...

[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%E2%80%93environment_corre...

[5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome-wide_association_study

rbehrends

4 месяца назадdiscuss

No, the problem is that when logging in, the provider's website can provide an authentication shell command that OpenCode will send to the shell sight unseen, even if it is "rm -rf /home". This "feature" is completely unnecessary for the agent to function as an agent, or even for authentication. It's not about it being the default, it's about it being there at all and being designed that way.

rbehrends

4 месяца назадdiscuss

I am more concerned about their, umm, gallant approach to security. Not only that OpenCode is permissive by default in what it is allowed to do, but that it apparently tries to pull its config from the web (provider-based URL) by default [1]. There is also this open GitHub issue [2], which I find quite concerning (worst case, it's an RCE vulnerability).

[1] https://opencode.ai/docs/config/#precedence-order

[2] https://github.com/anomalyco/opencode/issues/10939

rbehrends

7 месяцев назадdiscuss

There is the Parliament's legislative train website [1]. However, it only tracks actual legislative steps, not the intra-Council negotiations, so the proposal's page appears to be have been largely inactive since 2024 [2].

[1] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/legislative-train/

[2] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/legislative-train/theme-a-new...

rbehrends

10 месяцев назадdiscuss

> The shell, perl and python are likely for scripting and not used during runtime.

Some git subcommands are implemented in these. git filter-branch is a shell script, git cvsimport is a Perl script, and git p4 (perforce interop) is a Python script. There are not too many left these days (git add -p/-i also used to call a Perl script), but they exist.

rbehrends

10 месяцев назадdiscuss

> Of course the member states drafted and agreed to those and that's why pressure should be on governments to stop hand over the keys to Brussels.

What specific example are you thinking of where additional power was handed to Brussels through an amendment of the treaties?

> That's in addition to the constant Commission push for more power...

If you are worried about the executive trying to expand its power (and something that should be kept in check), may I suggest that the US is not actually a great example right now for how to avoid that?

rbehrends

10 месяцев назадdiscuss

> The EU does not so as time passes the EU's power keeps creeping up.

Actually, the EU has the same concept of enumerated powers (called "competences" in the case of the EU). They are listed in articles 2-6 TFEU [1]. You may argue over whether the EU has too many competences or (in some areas) too little, but it's the same principle. The EU cannot legislate outside areas where power has been expressly conferred to it by the treaties.

This is in fact one point of contention over the "chat control" legislation. It is supposed to be enacted under the "internal market" competence, but similar to the US commerce clause, there is a legal debate over whether that competence is actually sufficient to enable such legislation or whether it is legal cover for encroachment on competences reserved to the member states.

This would of course be up to the ECJ to decide, just as the US Suprement Court would have to decide if any given US federal legislation is covered by the commerce clause.

In addition, there is the Charter of Fundamental Rights, and the ECJ could also strike down EU legislation (as it has done before) if it violates the rights protected by the Charter.

[1] https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Consolidated_version_of_the_T...

rbehrends

10 месяцев назадdiscuss

What you are proposing would amount replacing the current bicameral legislature (with the European Parliament as the lower house and the Council of the EU as the upper house) with a unicameral legislature. That would actually make it easier for bad laws to be passed, especially as the supermajority required in the Council is currently the biggest obstacle for this kind of legislation.

I'll also note that nothing here is per se undemocratic. Both the Parliament and the Council are made up of elected members. The members of the Council (as members of the national governments) are indirectly elected, but elected all the same. Direct election is not a requirement for a democracy (see election of the US president or the US Senate prior to the 17th amendment or the Senate of Canada right now).

That does not mean that there isn't plenty of valid criticism of the EU's current structure, but claiming that it is not "actually democratic" falls far short of a meaningful critique.

comments