Races are virtually uncompetitive; it means politicians only need to pander to the 40% bloc of the 10–20% of voters that show up in the primary. Once elected, the chance of losing their office is nearly 0. Gerrymandering absolutely reduces effective voting power. That's the whole point.
This is why gerrymandering should be unconstitutional, and why corporations should have their rights explicitly curtailed: they're not citizens or the people.
I know your threw an "etc" in there; but, all fingers point to my home state: Texas. We need two legislative changes at the federal level: (1) uncap the house from 435 to at least cube-root or (better) max 500k; and, (2) you can't be sworn in unless your district was from an ICRC or statistically equivalent object.
I'm responding to a random comment: I was in molecular biology, but >20 years ago. Your article immediately presents as someone who's acquired reading expertise in a biological/medical subfield. Second, your initial survey presents as a "brittle x": AB is the proximal cause all by itself; but, it can also be the secondary cause from many vectors. Diseases like that are (essentially) impossible to explain to the public. Also, the biological principle function is a standard trope for "good for X in the short run, bad for the person in the long run".
A ten hour wait doesn't really strike me as a pancake? You should have a "it's 730am, there's four screaming girls, only two of which are related to me, the dogs are begging for scraps, and the demand for pancakes has crossed into Veblen goods territory."
I felt personally attacked when LLMs came out: I'm an avid user of "—", bullets, numbered lists, and the word "delve". It's been a miserable couple of years.
I still think biased sortition is the way: after voting, eliminate any candidate with less than (say) 1/11th the vote. Choose the winner proportional to the number of votes they received. It has the following nice properties:
1. Extreme candidates have very little chance of winning;
2. The system is (formally) fair in the long run; and,
3. It secures the election against tampering from both domestic and foreign actors.
Also, frankly, the sort of person who's good at winning an election is almost diametrically opposite from the sort of person you want as a leader. It's hard to combine "ideologue" with "rational compromise ready actor".
You can build a census of all gen-2, degree-2 formal products of polynomial like terms. If you insist on instituting your own rewrite rules and identity tables, it is straightforward — maybe an 15 minutes of compute time — to perform a complete census of all of the algebraic structures that naturally emerge. Every even vaguely studied algebra that fits in the space is covered by the census (you've got to pick a broad enough set of rewrite- and identity- operations). There's even a couple of "unstudied" objects (just 2 of the billion or so objects); for instance:
(uv)(vu) = (uu)(vv)
Shows up as a primitive structure, quite often.
If you switch to degree-3 or generator-3 then the coverage is, essentially, empty: mathematics has analyzed only a few of the hundreds (thousands? it's hard to enumerate) naturally occurring algebraic structures in that census.