Show HN: WAL Implementation in Golang(github.com)
github.com
Show HN: WAL Implementation in Golang
https://github.com/stym06/rebuf
I wrote this simple WAL library in Golang that I use to write data that my kafka producer fails due to errors like Broker going down or some other issue. Took inspiration from etcd/wal
29 comments
Cool library. Two small generic Go library issues:
1. The rebuf.Init function panics. I almost never want a library to call panic, and when it does, I want the library function to denote that. The convention I’ve seen most often is to start the function name with Must, so MustInit instead of Init. In this case though, I think it’d be safe to be a little more lenient in what you accept as input and trim the trailing slash.
2. I never (not almost, actually never) want library code to call any of the fmt.Print functions unless the library is explicitly for writing output, or that behavior is strictly opt in. If the library really must print things, it should take a user supplied os.Writer and write to that. Let the user control what gets printed or not.
1. The rebuf.Init function panics. I almost never want a library to call panic, and when it does, I want the library function to denote that. The convention I’ve seen most often is to start the function name with Must, so MustInit instead of Init. In this case though, I think it’d be safe to be a little more lenient in what you accept as input and trim the trailing slash.
2. I never (not almost, actually never) want library code to call any of the fmt.Print functions unless the library is explicitly for writing output, or that behavior is strictly opt in. If the library really must print things, it should take a user supplied os.Writer and write to that. Let the user control what gets printed or not.
1. You're right! Will fix it to handle this as well as the support for relative directories
2. Yes, Will integrate a logging library instead of fmt (https://github.com/uber-go/zap)
2. Yes, Will integrate a logging library instead of fmt (https://github.com/uber-go/zap)
Based on the child thread about zap vs slog I think I might not have been clear in my phrasing. The issue isn’t the specific functions used to print to the screen, it’s that library code is doing it at all. As the user of a library, I don’t want that library printing things to the screen if I don’t explicitly tell it to; decisions on logging/printing text to the screen are the responsibility of the person writing the end-user application code, not the library author. If the library author feels really strongly about printing stuff on the screen, they should make that behavior opt in, either with a configuration option or by providing some other mechanism that gives the user as much control over that behavior as possible (hence my example of throwing printing behavior into a user-supplied io.Writer)
What if I don't use zap?
Ideally you want to add an option via a function or interface:
Ideally you want to add an option via a function or interface:
func New(optOne bool, log func(string, ...any)) {
if log == nil {
log = func(m string, a ...any) { fmt.Printf(m, a...) }
}
log("starting; optOne=%v", optOne)
}
This is what log/slog is for!
FYI, Go already has a structured logging package called [slog](https://go.dev/blog/slog) in the standard library since V1.21.
Having written one of these, a few optimizations will go a long way:
1. syscall.Iovec allows you to build up multiple batches semi independently and then write them all in a single syscall and sync the file with the next one. It is a good basis for allowing multiple pending writes to proceed in independent go routines and have another one have all the responsibility for flushing data.
2. It is better to use larger preallocated files than a bunch of smaller ones, along with batching, fixed size headers and padding write blocks to a known size. 16 megabytes per wal and a 128 byte padding worked well for me.
3. Batching writes until they reach a max buffer size and/or a max buffer age can also massively increase throughput. 1 megabyte max pending write or 50 ms time passed worked pretty well for me for batching and throughput to start with, then dynamically tuning the last bound to the rolling average of the time the last 16 write+sync operations (and a hard upper bound to deal with 99th percentile latency badness) worked better. Bounded channels and a little clever math makes parallelizing all of this pretty seamless.
4. Mmap'ing the wals makes consistency checking and byte level fiddling much easier on replay. No need to seek or use a buffered reader, just use slice math and copy() or append() to pull out what you need.
1. syscall.Iovec allows you to build up multiple batches semi independently and then write them all in a single syscall and sync the file with the next one. It is a good basis for allowing multiple pending writes to proceed in independent go routines and have another one have all the responsibility for flushing data.
2. It is better to use larger preallocated files than a bunch of smaller ones, along with batching, fixed size headers and padding write blocks to a known size. 16 megabytes per wal and a 128 byte padding worked well for me.
3. Batching writes until they reach a max buffer size and/or a max buffer age can also massively increase throughput. 1 megabyte max pending write or 50 ms time passed worked pretty well for me for batching and throughput to start with, then dynamically tuning the last bound to the rolling average of the time the last 16 write+sync operations (and a hard upper bound to deal with 99th percentile latency badness) worked better. Bounded channels and a little clever math makes parallelizing all of this pretty seamless.
4. Mmap'ing the wals makes consistency checking and byte level fiddling much easier on replay. No need to seek or use a buffered reader, just use slice math and copy() or append() to pull out what you need.
Thanks! Could you please point me to a reference for (1)
etcd/wal actually does do preallocations (https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/blob/24e05998c68f481af2bd567...)
Yet to implement max buffer age! Any references for this would be bomb!
Is mmap() really needed here? Came across a similar project that does this? Really gotta dig deep here! https://github.com/jhunters/bigqueue
etcd/wal actually does do preallocations (https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/blob/24e05998c68f481af2bd567...)
Yet to implement max buffer age! Any references for this would be bomb!
Is mmap() really needed here? Came across a similar project that does this? Really gotta dig deep here! https://github.com/jhunters/bigqueue
Can't share my references with you directly, the implementation I wrote is closed-source and is heavily intermingled with other internal bits. But I can provide examples:
1. syscall.Iovec is a struct that the writev() systemcall uses. You build it up something like this:
2. Yeah, I just zero-filled a new file using the fallocate as well.
3. I handled max buffer age by feeding writes to the WAL using a channel, then the main reader loop for that channel select on both the main channel and a time.Timer.C channel. Get clever with the Reset() method on that timer and you can implement whatever timeout scheme you like.
4. No, it is not needed, but my WAL implementation boiled down to a bunch of byte buffers protected by a rolling CRC64, and for me just mmap'ing the whole file into a big slice and sanity-checking the rolling crcs along with other metadata was easier and faster that way.
1. syscall.Iovec is a struct that the writev() systemcall uses. You build it up something like this:
func b2iov(bs [][]byte) []syscall.Iovec {
res := []syscall.Iovec{}
for i := range bs {
res = append(res, syscall.Iovec{Base: &bs[i][0], Len: uint64(len(bs[i])}
}
return res
}
func write(fi *os.File, iov []syscall.Iovec, at int64) (written int64, err error) {
if _, err = fi.Seek(at, io.SeekStart); err != nil {
return
}
wr, _, errno := syscall.Syscall(syscall.SYS_WRITEV, fi.Fd(), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&iov[0])), uintptr(len(iov)))
if errno != 0 {
err = errno
return
}
written = int64(wr)
err = fi.Sync()
return
}
2. Yeah, I just zero-filled a new file using the fallocate as well.
3. I handled max buffer age by feeding writes to the WAL using a channel, then the main reader loop for that channel select on both the main channel and a time.Timer.C channel. Get clever with the Reset() method on that timer and you can implement whatever timeout scheme you like.
4. No, it is not needed, but my WAL implementation boiled down to a bunch of byte buffers protected by a rolling CRC64, and for me just mmap'ing the whole file into a big slice and sanity-checking the rolling crcs along with other metadata was easier and faster that way.
Besides what Phil mentioned below, I can't write more than one record to the WAL. You're closing the file after every write, the second time you write the error `seek data/rebuf.tmp: file already closed` is returned.
I also think your rotation will delete the wrong segment when you have more than ten segments - imagine you're writing rebuf-1 to rebuf-10 - what's the "oldest file" to delete now? Besides, should you really delete those files?
I also think your rotation will delete the wrong segment when you have more than ten segments - imagine you're writing rebuf-1 to rebuf-10 - what's the "oldest file" to delete now? Besides, should you really delete those files?
Yes there are a lot of bugs since I just wrote this in one sitting today. Will be fixing all of this. For log rotation, I'll sort by the last_modified_at ts and then purge those
Your generational approach to segment numbering is fine, if you prepend enough zeros to format the files properly then you're also able to sort them correctly. etcd uses the same trick.
OP here!
Pls feel free to raise any bugs you encounter! I'll be doing the following immmediate fixes:
1. Use fsync for durable writes in case of system crashes
2. Fix log-rotation-purging logic
3. Fix `file already closed` bug on consecutive writes
4. Add CRC checksum
1. Use fsync for durable writes in case of system crashes
2. Fix log-rotation-purging logic
3. Fix `file already closed` bug on consecutive writes
4. Add CRC checksum
Another simple WAL: https://pkg.go.dev/modernc.org/file#WAL
Did I miss it or is there no call to os.File.Sync(), i.e. fsync, anywhere?
Since you mention etcd/wal:
https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/blob/v3.3.27/wal/wal.go#L671
https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/blob/v3.3.27/pkg/fileutil/sy...
Since you mention etcd/wal:
https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/blob/v3.3.27/wal/wal.go#L671
https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/blob/v3.3.27/pkg/fileutil/sy...
I used the bufio flush mechanism
https://pkg.go.dev/bufio#Writer.Flush
Thanks for your comment, I'll definitely check it out. It was my first attempt at this. How can I make it better?
Thanks for your comment, I'll definitely check it out. It was my first attempt at this. How can I make it better?
Essentially, unless you `fsync`, there's no guarantee that your data will be durably written to disk. This is because the operating system keeps data buffered in in-memory caches, so if the machine crashes you may lose some data. The `fsync` system call forces the data to be flushed from the in-memory OS cache to the disk. As far as I could tell, the Flush you use does not `fsync`.
Thanks for your input @sakras. I'll fix this
This reminds me of ZoneTree which is persistent LSM tree project based on top of WAL, written in C#: https://github.com/koculu/ZoneTree
Similar to RocksDB.
Similar to RocksDB.
Absolutely loved your project ZoneTree. Gotta dig deep on this
golangci-lint finds three errors in rebuf.go at commit 615209d. It's never safe to write golang without the linters!