Blackwell: Nvidia's GPU(chipsandcheese.com)
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Blackwell: Nvidia's GPU
https://chipsandcheese.com/p/blackwell-nvidias-massive-gpu
31 comments
For benchmarking code like this CUDA, HIP and OpenCL are almost the same. You will only see the difference in big codebases, where you launch multiple kernels and move data between them.
Otherwise OpenCL is very good as well, with the added benefit of running on all GPUs.
Otherwise OpenCL is very good as well, with the added benefit of running on all GPUs.
> its either CUDA or HIP, which differ widely in parts of their compilation stack.
This is an ironic comment - OpenCL uses the same compiler as CUDA on NVIDIA and HIP on AMD.
This is an ironic comment - OpenCL uses the same compiler as CUDA on NVIDIA and HIP on AMD.
Sort of. Same compiler backend, mostly, but the set of intrinsics and semantic rules are different.
i have no idea what your point is - same compiler, different frontend, yes that's literally what i said.
The Nvidia technical brief says 208 billion transistors.
https://resources.nvidia.com/en-us-blackwell-architecture
Blackwell uses the TSMC 4NP process. It has two layers. A very back of the envelope estimate:
https://resources.nvidia.com/en-us-blackwell-architecture
Blackwell uses the TSMC 4NP process. It has two layers. A very back of the envelope estimate:
750mm^2 / (208/2) * 10^9 = 7211 nm^2
85 nm x 85 nm
> It has two layers
Where did you get that from? Pretty sure it's a single planar set of transistors. Those transistors are manufactured using multiple layers of mask.
FinFET transistors are described as 3D or non-planar but crucially this isn't allowing transistor on transistor stacking you've just got the gate structure of the FinFET poking out above the plane of the rest of the transistors.
Silicon on silicon die stacking is a possibility but limits your power and GPUs run very hot so it's not an option for them.
Where did you get that from? Pretty sure it's a single planar set of transistors. Those transistors are manufactured using multiple layers of mask.
FinFET transistors are described as 3D or non-planar but crucially this isn't allowing transistor on transistor stacking you've just got the gate structure of the FinFET poking out above the plane of the rest of the transistors.
Silicon on silicon die stacking is a possibility but limits your power and GPUs run very hot so it's not an option for them.
GPUs are not particularly hot for compute silicon, they just have ridiculously huge dies. Comparing the 5090 to a Core Ultra 285K, the GPU has a 750 mm^2 die compared to the CPU's 243 mm^2, but has a peak power of 575W compared to 250W. The CPU uses 25% more power per area, and that's before considering the fact that consumer CPUs are packaged for user installation, so there's an extra heatspreader on top of the die, whereas GPUs are sold as integrated units, so the heatsink sits directly on top of the die.
> consumer CPUs are packaged for user installation
I'd say advanced users or skilled staff.
20+ years ago e.g. Athlon XP had a small CPU die in the middle and 4 round spacers in the corners for a proper heatspreader installation. Despite the CPU die wouldn't clock down and go in flames in case of cooler removal during operation.
Nowadays with a safer CPU monitoring its temperature, one has to risk to remove the heatspreader and replace it with "special" direct die cooling resulting in either a bit more performance or 15-20 grad lower temperatures or a smaller or a silent cooler. One is free to choose.
Sure, even advanced user must take more care working around the naked die. But the technology to make this safer than before could have also matured.
I'd say advanced users or skilled staff.
20+ years ago e.g. Athlon XP had a small CPU die in the middle and 4 round spacers in the corners for a proper heatspreader installation. Despite the CPU die wouldn't clock down and go in flames in case of cooler removal during operation.
Nowadays with a safer CPU monitoring its temperature, one has to risk to remove the heatspreader and replace it with "special" direct die cooling resulting in either a bit more performance or 15-20 grad lower temperatures or a smaller or a silent cooler. One is free to choose.
Sure, even advanced user must take more care working around the naked die. But the technology to make this safer than before could have also matured.
Half a century ago, neither Pentium 4 nor Athlon would go in flames without a cooler, but because they included thermal protection circuits that stop the clock above a certain temperature threshold, which cannot be modified by users. The halting of the clock is invisible for software, except that frequent and/or long clock haltings will lengthen accordingly the execution time of a long task that has spanned over time intervals when the clock has been stopped.
The latest CPUs still include such a thermal protection, which is independent of the turbo clock frequency management, which is based on the power and current limits, which can be modified by the user, e.g. for overclocking.
Older CPUs, until about the middle of the nineties, could be destroyed by inadequate cooling. This has forced both Intel and AMD to implement thermal protections, to avoid requests for CPU replacements.
The latest CPUs still include such a thermal protection, which is independent of the turbo clock frequency management, which is based on the power and current limits, which can be modified by the user, e.g. for overclocking.
Older CPUs, until about the middle of the nineties, could be destroyed by inadequate cooling. This has forced both Intel and AMD to implement thermal protections, to avoid requests for CPU replacements.
Perhaps, I've formulated not exact enough. I was remembering what has been demonstrated in the famous video [1] for Athlon 1400 and 1200. Yes, the went not in flame but just in smoke. Back then the user was allowed to install a cooler direct onto the die though AMD CPU had no thermal protection (just thermal diode for emergency power-off the whole system by BIOS?).
I have no confirmation for the following but I've considered that the pre-installed and hard and risky to remove the pretty massive heatspreader plate works not only as die physical protection but also as a minimal needed buffer for heat dissipation in case of rapid cooler removal.
[1] "What happens when the CPU cooler is removed?" (Tom's Hardware Guide, 2001)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y39D4529FM4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UoXRHexGIok
P.S. Another rather philosophical question I have since a ventilator (not just some heatspreader) was required for the first time for CPU to operate as advertised. Can one consider that CPUs are actually factory overclocked since then? Even though not to the absolute limit, e.g. Celeron 333A (@66) up to 500 (@100) manually.
I have no confirmation for the following but I've considered that the pre-installed and hard and risky to remove the pretty massive heatspreader plate works not only as die physical protection but also as a minimal needed buffer for heat dissipation in case of rapid cooler removal.
[1] "What happens when the CPU cooler is removed?" (Tom's Hardware Guide, 2001)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y39D4529FM4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UoXRHexGIok
P.S. Another rather philosophical question I have since a ventilator (not just some heatspreader) was required for the first time for CPU to operate as advertised. Can one consider that CPUs are actually factory overclocked since then? Even though not to the absolute limit, e.g. Celeron 333A (@66) up to 500 (@100) manually.
You also need space for wires, ..., etc, right? It's not just transistors.
The wires sit on top of the transistors. Many layers of them in a modern process.
However you can't always pack the transistors as dense as you would like because you can't fit the wiring for them in above at the same density.
Plus there are various 'design rules' that constrain how things get placed. These are needed to ensure manufacturing is successful and achieved good yield. An important set of rules are the 'antenna rules' that requires the insertion of antenna diodes (using silicon reducing transistor density) to prevent circuitry being destroyed during manufacturing: https://www.zerotoasiccourse.com/terminology/antenna-report/
However you can't always pack the transistors as dense as you would like because you can't fit the wiring for them in above at the same density.
Plus there are various 'design rules' that constrain how things get placed. These are needed to ensure manufacturing is successful and achieved good yield. An important set of rules are the 'antenna rules' that requires the insertion of antenna diodes (using silicon reducing transistor density) to prevent circuitry being destroyed during manufacturing: https://www.zerotoasiccourse.com/terminology/antenna-report/
The wires didn't fit on the back of the envelope.
I love this retort and I'm stealing it.
The wires run over the transistors.
This assumes 100% utilization. Ralistically the utilization (active device area wrt total die area) 70-75% at best.
I heard there is still trouble to buy consumer grade Nvidia GPU. At this point I am wondering if it is Gaming market demand, AI, or simply a supply issue.
On another note I am waiting for Nvidia's entry to CPU. At some point down the line I expect the CPU will be less important, ( relatively speaking ) and Nvidia could afford to throw a CPU in the system as bonus. Especially when we are expecting ARM X930 to rival Apple's M4 in terms of IPC. CPU design has become somewhat of a commodity.
On another note I am waiting for Nvidia's entry to CPU. At some point down the line I expect the CPU will be less important, ( relatively speaking ) and Nvidia could afford to throw a CPU in the system as bonus. Especially when we are expecting ARM X930 to rival Apple's M4 in terms of IPC. CPU design has become somewhat of a commodity.
My understanding is it's the AI demand and willingness to pay crazy money for wafer that makes consumer GPUs a significantly less attractive product to produce.
I don't have really solid evidence, just semi-anecdotal/semi-reliable internet posts:
Eg. https://www.tomshardware.com/tech-industry/more-than-251-mil...
Nvidia as a whole has been fairly anti-consumer recently with pricing, so I wouldn't be banking on them for a great cpu option. Weirdly Intel is in the position where they have to prove themselves, so hopefully they'll give us some great products in the next 2-5 years - if they survive (think the old lead-up-to-ryzen era for amd)
I don't have really solid evidence, just semi-anecdotal/semi-reliable internet posts:
Eg. https://www.tomshardware.com/tech-industry/more-than-251-mil...
Nvidia as a whole has been fairly anti-consumer recently with pricing, so I wouldn't be banking on them for a great cpu option. Weirdly Intel is in the position where they have to prove themselves, so hopefully they'll give us some great products in the next 2-5 years - if they survive (think the old lead-up-to-ryzen era for amd)
> Nvidia as a whole has been fairly anti-consumer recently with pricing, so I wouldn't be banking on them for a great cpu option.
If they’re swimming in the AI cash and the consumer GPU segment isn’t that important (https://www.visualcapitalist.com/nvidia-revenue-by-product-l...) then why on earth couldn’t they do less price gouging?
It feels a bit like the Intel Core Ultra desktop CPU launch where the prices were the critical factor that doomed an otherwise pretty okay product. At least Intel's excuse is that they’re closer to going under than before, even if their GPUs were pretty fairly priced anyways.
It’s almost like everyone complains about their prices and the fact that they’re releasing 8 GB cards… and then still go and give them money anyways.
If they’re swimming in the AI cash and the consumer GPU segment isn’t that important (https://www.visualcapitalist.com/nvidia-revenue-by-product-l...) then why on earth couldn’t they do less price gouging?
It feels a bit like the Intel Core Ultra desktop CPU launch where the prices were the critical factor that doomed an otherwise pretty okay product. At least Intel's excuse is that they’re closer to going under than before, even if their GPUs were pretty fairly priced anyways.
It’s almost like everyone complains about their prices and the fact that they’re releasing 8 GB cards… and then still go and give them money anyways.
The same chip as the "proper"[1] 5090 is also used for workstation and some server cards, which go for easy higher price. So it's just an allocation of child to different products, taking into account that with the power demands and design issues in 5090s power supply there isn't all that much demand for 5090 either.
[1] there are now 5090 branded cards that use same chip as 5080
[1] there are now 5090 branded cards that use same chip as 5080
> I am waiting for Nvidia's entry to CPU.
Haven't they already started doing this with Grace and GB10?
- https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/grace-cpu/
- https://nvidianews.nvidia.com/news/nvidia-puts-grace-blackwe...
Haven't they already started doing this with Grace and GB10?
- https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/grace-cpu/
- https://nvidianews.nvidia.com/news/nvidia-puts-grace-blackwe...
Their Grace datacenter CPU is basically a chip where they put down all the LPDDR5 memory controllers (albeit curiously slow), NVLINK and PCIe IOs they needed around the perimeter, and then filled in the interior with boring off the shelf ARM cores. It's basically an IO and memory expander that happens to run Linux.
GB10 when it ships might be more interesting, since it'll go into systems that need to support use cases other than merely feeding a big GPU ML workloads. But it sounds like the CPU chiplet at least was more or less outsourced to Mediatek.
GB10 when it ships might be more interesting, since it'll go into systems that need to support use cases other than merely feeding a big GPU ML workloads. But it sounds like the CPU chiplet at least was more or less outsourced to Mediatek.
The whole missing ROPs saga[1][2] didn't help. I bought a 5070 Ti and had to return it due to missing ROPs. Had to get another brand as replacement, as they had so little stock.
[1]: https://gamersnexus.net/gpus/investigating-nvidias-defective...
[2]: https://nvidia.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/5628/~/h...
[1]: https://gamersnexus.net/gpus/investigating-nvidias-defective...
[2]: https://nvidia.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/5628/~/h...
The micro center in my neighborhood has hundreds of 5090s in stock. I'm not sure its as hard as it used to be.
I keep wondering if the yields have gone all bad with the newer processes
Does the comparison even makes sense, considering there's (more than) an order of magnitude difference in price between the AMD's Desktop GPU and NVIDIA's Workstation accelerator?
Why doesn't NVIDIA also build something like Google TPU, a systolic array processor? Less programmable, but more throughput/power efficiency?
It seems there is a huge market for inference.
It seems there is a huge market for inference.
Nvidia tensor cores are small systolic arrays. They'd have to throw out a lot of their ecosystem investments and backwards compatibility to make effective use of them as the main GPU compute, and there's really no need given how competitive their chips are right now.
Less programmable, but more throughput/power efficiency?
Traditional GPUs like Blackwell that can do anything and have backwards compatibility.
Less programmable and more ASIC-like inference chips like Google's TPUs. Inference market is going to be multiple times bigger than training soon.
The CUDA ecosystem is their moat.
After reading the entire analysis, I'm left wondering, what observations in this analysis - if any - actually apply to CUDA?