Evidence for entropy maximisation in human free choice behaviour(psyarxiv.com)
psyarxiv.com
Evidence for entropy maximisation in human free choice behaviour
https://psyarxiv.com/3ntku/
27 comments
An aside: this is great concept naming - "empowerment" for the channel capacity between sensors and actuation for an agent. It is at once relatable, fairly precise, memorable/recallable and therefore searchable .. instead of "PersonName's capacity" or something like that.
That's a really great, interesting paper ([2]). Thanks for linking it here.
This is a more recent (Dec 2020) paper by one of the authors on combining empowerment and extrinsic goals: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9284556
This is a more recent (Dec 2020) paper by one of the authors on combining empowerment and extrinsic goals: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9284556
This topic is extremely interesting, and good to see that experiments support it.
In AI lens:
In a way, you can compare this to novelty seeking and intelligent exploration which is quite an active field in Artificial Life and game AI[1]. If you find this interesting: Jeff Clune, Kenneth Stanley and Joel Lehman conducted interesting related research.
Also, isn't this somehow related to the Free Energy principle by Karl Friston? If you look at entropy maximization as a way to minimize surprises.
[1] : https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.10995
In AI lens:
In a way, you can compare this to novelty seeking and intelligent exploration which is quite an active field in Artificial Life and game AI[1]. If you find this interesting: Jeff Clune, Kenneth Stanley and Joel Lehman conducted interesting related research.
Also, isn't this somehow related to the Free Energy principle by Karl Friston? If you look at entropy maximization as a way to minimize surprises.
[1] : https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.10995
Friston's principle of free energy was actually the first thing that came to mind on reading the title, it's an absolutely fascinating idea.
Are we sure the availability of options equals entropy? It doesn't appear as though we all act to simply increase our options. Preferring options over reward may also constitute delayed gratification and sacrifice, which is another interesting can of worms, but can it be predicated in terms of just preference of options over reward when those are your only two artificial options?
Human behavior appears to point towards the maximization of current order as an investment in power/potential to drive future entropy, as opposed to simply maximizing entropy. This is the difference between building a nuclear bomb and keeping it, as opposed to building the bomb to use it. When one was used, it was meant to end a war, not start one. And success in life may as well be defined by hoarding order, be it technologically, financially, socially, or just objects. The pyramids were a feat in lowering entropy, not increasing it. And we love our diamonds.
This is also an extrapolation from the evidence in biology that energy entering a system increases order and contributes to the orderly structuring of matter and hence life [1].
[1] https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-new-thermodynamics-theory-o...
Human behavior appears to point towards the maximization of current order as an investment in power/potential to drive future entropy, as opposed to simply maximizing entropy. This is the difference between building a nuclear bomb and keeping it, as opposed to building the bomb to use it. When one was used, it was meant to end a war, not start one. And success in life may as well be defined by hoarding order, be it technologically, financially, socially, or just objects. The pyramids were a feat in lowering entropy, not increasing it. And we love our diamonds.
This is also an extrapolation from the evidence in biology that energy entering a system increases order and contributes to the orderly structuring of matter and hence life [1].
[1] https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-new-thermodynamics-theory-o...
When my son has asked me what he should do about courses or employment or even vacation choices, I answer that he ought to choose the path that gives him the most choices.
He has thanked me many time for that advice, which has resulted in a high-value path for him.
He has thanked me many time for that advice, which has resulted in a high-value path for him.
On an intuitive level, this makes perfect sense. Assuming that entropy is, roughly speaking, novelty, that makes the calculation one about exploring new options for utility gains.
I recall seeing a study (although not where) suggesting novelty seeking was a key hallmark of intelligence. Maybe this means the entropy-utility calibration drives their intelligence? (Alongside their actual material circumstances)
I recall seeing a study (although not where) suggesting novelty seeking was a key hallmark of intelligence. Maybe this means the entropy-utility calibration drives their intelligence? (Alongside their actual material circumstances)
It's like the reverse of a boat breaking the ice while navigating the North Pole, I imagine you want to be moving towards entropy and leaving behind the opposite, in the edge between certainty and novelty.
But also in loops, because we have to unlearn time to time, and break the ice, ok now I'm lost in my own metaphor :D
But also in loops, because we have to unlearn time to time, and break the ice, ok now I'm lost in my own metaphor :D
Lost in your metaphor as you might be, I like the idea of humans as moving towards entropy and leaving behind order..!
Also see Casual Entropic Forces [1] by A. D. Wissner-Gross [2] and C. E. Freer
[1] https://www.alexwg.org/publications/PhysRevLett_110-168702.p...
[2] https://www.alexwg.org/
[1] https://www.alexwg.org/publications/PhysRevLett_110-168702.p...
[2] https://www.alexwg.org/
aka Mobility heuristics
A very strong heuristics that works well in many games (exceptions are usually very interesting games) and is the root to other heuristic concepts such as piece value, central positioning, "protected king", ... in Chess and similar concepts in, e.g., Starcraft.
Also very easy to implement, for discrete turn-based games it's just the number of moves in a given state.
http://ggp.stanford.edu/lectures/heuristics.pdf
A very strong heuristics that works well in many games (exceptions are usually very interesting games) and is the root to other heuristic concepts such as piece value, central positioning, "protected king", ... in Chess and similar concepts in, e.g., Starcraft.
Also very easy to implement, for discrete turn-based games it's just the number of moves in a given state.
http://ggp.stanford.edu/lectures/heuristics.pdf
Isn't it pretty much the optimal behavior as evidenced e.g. by multi-armed bandit algorithms and explore-exploit balance in reinforcement learning?
Algorithms would try to maximize expected value.
As far as I can tell, here it seems humans value choices over expected value. In other words, humans pay for the perception of freedom.
As far as I can tell, here it seems humans value choices over expected value. In other words, humans pay for the perception of freedom.
No, my point is that our research on algorithms dealing with uncertain rewards show that in such scenarios intentionally exploring choices (entropy maximization) is the optimal way to maximize long-term expected value.
I.e. it's not that humans value choices over expected value, since valuing choices actually is the correct way to get larger expected value (with caveats such as how explore vs exploit tradeoff needs to be changed over time) - the message isn't that humans "pay for the perception of freedom" but that human evolved values, even seemingly irrational such as "need for perception of freedom" are actually close to mathematically optimal behavior.
I.e. it's not that humans value choices over expected value, since valuing choices actually is the correct way to get larger expected value (with caveats such as how explore vs exploit tradeoff needs to be changed over time) - the message isn't that humans "pay for the perception of freedom" but that human evolved values, even seemingly irrational such as "need for perception of freedom" are actually close to mathematically optimal behavior.
This seems like another way of stating "paying for optionality under uncertainty is generally worth it", which seems like a well-established result.
Well, testing whether the intuitive behavior of humans matches that or not is always an interesting result.
Of course. That's why the first two versions of the Matrix failed.
Their definition of entropy is missing a negative sign...I understand that this is a preprint but come on.
"several studies have shown that individuals demonstrate a preference for choice, or the availability of multiple options, over and above utilitarian value." -> yes, it is called the need for orientation/control and "utilitarian value" has nothing to do with it -> Index Funds vs. Actively-Managed Funds -> people prefer the latter even if the returns are consistently lower. [1]
"Yet we lack a decision-making framework that integrates preference for choice with traditional utility maximisation in free choice behaviour." -> utility maximisation "has charm for economists, but it rests on the shaky foundation of an implausible and untestable assumption" - Daniel Kahneman [2] -> TL;DR the author of "Thinking Fast and Slow" proves it false
"We found that participants were biased towards states that kept their options open, even when both states were balanced in the total number of goal locations. This bias was evident not only when both contexts were equally valuable but throughout all value conditions..." AND "Participants were not informed of the precise values ..." -> seeing the utilitarian variable being forced upon conclusions is disheartening
[1] https://www.thebalance.com/index-funds-vs-actively-managed-f... [2] https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=870494
"Yet we lack a decision-making framework that integrates preference for choice with traditional utility maximisation in free choice behaviour." -> utility maximisation "has charm for economists, but it rests on the shaky foundation of an implausible and untestable assumption" - Daniel Kahneman [2] -> TL;DR the author of "Thinking Fast and Slow" proves it false
"We found that participants were biased towards states that kept their options open, even when both states were balanced in the total number of goal locations. This bias was evident not only when both contexts were equally valuable but throughout all value conditions..." AND "Participants were not informed of the precise values ..." -> seeing the utilitarian variable being forced upon conclusions is disheartening
[1] https://www.thebalance.com/index-funds-vs-actively-managed-f... [2] https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=870494
Interesting paper. The exploration Vs exploitation payoff measured.
Look for Kelly criterion for the whole field on how to cook entropy
There is no such thing as evidence for abstract concepts.
Prove it
Easily. It is a type error. An attempt to apply inapplicable (orthogonal) concepts to one another.
An evidence implies an observable phenomenon (whose description is a statement of fact). Merely a chain of reasoning is never an evidence, because it usually based on flawed premises or domain-specific logic.
Now pay me.
An evidence implies an observable phenomenon (whose description is a statement of fact). Merely a chain of reasoning is never an evidence, because it usually based on flawed premises or domain-specific logic.
Now pay me.
[1] https://arxiv.org/abs/1310.1863
[2] https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/16/5/2789