North Carolina Is Ordered to Redraw Its Congressional Map(nytimes.com)
nytimes.com
North Carolina Is Ordered to Redraw Its Congressional Map
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/09/us/north-carolina-gerrymander.html?_r=0
347 comments
This solves one aspect of the gerrymandering problem. The problem is that there are multiple aspects.
As one example, people want to both have majority-minority districts and avoid situations in which "specific populations of voters" (to quote the article) are concentrated into a district. These goals are often opposed to each other, especially when the minorities involved skew toward one of the two parties under consideration.
So it's quite possible for a redistricting plan using the "I cut, you choose" process to end up falling afoul of Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act by diluting the voting strength of a minority...
As one example, people want to both have majority-minority districts and avoid situations in which "specific populations of voters" (to quote the article) are concentrated into a district. These goals are often opposed to each other, especially when the minorities involved skew toward one of the two parties under consideration.
So it's quite possible for a redistricting plan using the "I cut, you choose" process to end up falling afoul of Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act by diluting the voting strength of a minority...
More generally, the issue is that it solidifies control to the two political parties participating in the "I cut you choose" game, which are both incentivized to marginalize any 3rd party.
I wonder if the game can be fairly expanded to X number of parties?
I wonder if the game can be fairly expanded to X number of parties?
3rd parties are already so screwed, I don't even know where to start fixing the problems. For example, last I checked in Illinois third-party candidates needed _way_ more petition signatures to even get on a ballot than Republican or Democratic ones (though the legislation is careful to not call out the Republican or Democratic parties by name; it's written in terms of vote share in the previous election). That sort of thing is all over the place.
As a mathematical exercise, trying to extend the game to more than 2 parties is interesting, for sure. Real-world relevance is unclear, unfortunately.
As a mathematical exercise, trying to extend the game to more than 2 parties is interesting, for sure. Real-world relevance is unclear, unfortunately.
But if you're not even going to pretend 3rd parties (and 4th, 5th, etc) are even a remote possibility, you may as well give up pretending your democracy actually has the sort of good qualities that makes people prefer it over other types of government... (a hair's breadth away from calling it "not a democracy" because technically you still got to choose Kang over Kodos)
This seems to assume a two-party system, which is probably pragmatic but maybe not totally optimal in a bigger sense.
Is there a way to cut a cake between 3 people with this sort of approach? If there's not a way in general, could there be a way with the added assumption that cooperation to screw the 3rd person would be detectable and publicly shamed enough to disincentivize it?
Apparently there is a way, but it's complicated and probably doesn't translate from cake to maps (you don't end up with neat slices, but rather a collection of different sized pieces):
https://www.quantamagazine.org/new-algorithm-solves-cake-cut...
And it's not clear if one of the cake cutters could sacrifice their own slice to benefit one of the others (in return for a bribe).
https://www.quantamagazine.org/new-algorithm-solves-cake-cut...
And it's not clear if one of the cake cutters could sacrifice their own slice to benefit one of the others (in return for a bribe).
One could almost be certain there would be some underhanded quid pro quo with this situation.
> Is there a way to cut a cake between 3 people with this sort of approach?
Cake? Maybe. Equal-population single-winner firdt-past-the-post political districts, no. But that's okay, because single-winner districts don't practically support more than two competitive parties, especially when you have separately elected statewide and national executives rather than a parliamentary system.
Of course, get rid of single-winner FPTP districts, and you not only can support more parties, you make gerrymandering mostly pointless, even if you do still have districting.
Cake? Maybe. Equal-population single-winner firdt-past-the-post political districts, no. But that's okay, because single-winner districts don't practically support more than two competitive parties, especially when you have separately elected statewide and national executives rather than a parliamentary system.
Of course, get rid of single-winner FPTP districts, and you not only can support more parties, you make gerrymandering mostly pointless, even if you do still have districting.
I'm starting to think FPTP is at the root of all of our problems.
It's pretty bad if you consider the repeated action of electing candidates who do not represent nearly 50% of the electorate
You could do it the Settlers of Catan way.
(Suppose four players, P1 to P4. They each get to place two settlements, and there's an advantage to getting first pick. You place settlements in this order: P1, P2, P3, P4, P4, P3, P2, P1)
Now, there is a cake (map) to cut, and 4 parties. P1 draws one line, then P2, then P3. Then, each party picks one of the 4 slices, starting with P4.
(Suppose four players, P1 to P4. They each get to place two settlements, and there's an advantage to getting first pick. You place settlements in this order: P1, P2, P3, P4, P4, P3, P2, P1)
Now, there is a cake (map) to cut, and 4 parties. P1 draws one line, then P2, then P3. Then, each party picks one of the 4 slices, starting with P4.
Yes, “envy-free” cake cutting.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envy-free_cake-cutting
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envy-free_cake-cutting
Ha, the "Robertson–Webb rotating-knife procedure" sounds like a move from Kill Bill.
The two parties run the organization which works to keep any other parties out of televised debates. They don't care what anyone thinks as long as both parties agree to cooperate on screwing everyone else over. They're willing to have an uneasy truce with each other at the expense of all others.
IIRC the three slice solution is: I cut a piece. You decide if I get the piece or half of what’s left. The third guy cuts and whoever else doesn’t have a piece now, choses.
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There is a general solution. Im not sure how you could apply it to creating districts for voting though.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kaMKInkV7Vs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kaMKInkV7Vs
Well in the US, we have a two-party system, so we wouldn't exactly want to apply a solution that's optimal for a multi-party system.
We have a de facto two-party system because that's the outcome of a FPP voting system. Nowhere is the two party system codified and nowhere is it declared optimal or even desirable.
Point being, optimizing districting to maintain a 2-party system may not be desirable, even if that's the system we've fallen into. We could change voting systems to introduce more viable parties (which has it's own problems - look at unstable governments in Europe based on oddball alliances).
Point being, optimizing districting to maintain a 2-party system may not be desirable, even if that's the system we've fallen into. We could change voting systems to introduce more viable parties (which has it's own problems - look at unstable governments in Europe based on oddball alliances).
> (which has it's own problems - look at unstable governments in Europe based on oddball alliances).
That's not a problem, that's a feature. It ensures the parties need to learn to cooperate and compromise to get things through when voters are not in firm agreement. As a result you get continuity: It's rare to get the kind of drastic shifts that you get in the US when the balance shifts between the Republicans and Democrats, because it is rare for a single party to get an absolute majority, and so alliances shift with voting patterns, and the negotiated compromises tends to have to reflect a wider range of interests or not get passed.
A lot of places this leads to a tradition of broad compromises to ensure lasting reforms that won't just get undone by the next government.
So while the specific governments may not sit as tightly, I'd argue it tends to lead to a lot more stability in government direction.
That's not a problem, that's a feature. It ensures the parties need to learn to cooperate and compromise to get things through when voters are not in firm agreement. As a result you get continuity: It's rare to get the kind of drastic shifts that you get in the US when the balance shifts between the Republicans and Democrats, because it is rare for a single party to get an absolute majority, and so alliances shift with voting patterns, and the negotiated compromises tends to have to reflect a wider range of interests or not get passed.
A lot of places this leads to a tradition of broad compromises to ensure lasting reforms that won't just get undone by the next government.
So while the specific governments may not sit as tightly, I'd argue it tends to lead to a lot more stability in government direction.
There's also an issue with that system: it gives a ruling party an easy excuse for not keeping their promises to their voters. You can always say: "We tried, but we didn't have a majority and our allied party was against that".I can't count how many times I heard that being said in my country.
Also, there's another bad consequence: In two party system when you lose the elections you really loose: other party takes the whole prize, and for you there's really nothing to do for the next four years. In multi party system even if you finish the elections on 2nd or 3rd place you may still end up joining the ruling coalition of parties, just maybe with somewhat weaker position.
Basically European system shifts focus of political parties from making deals with their voters to making deals with other parties.
Also, there's another bad consequence: In two party system when you lose the elections you really loose: other party takes the whole prize, and for you there's really nothing to do for the next four years. In multi party system even if you finish the elections on 2nd or 3rd place you may still end up joining the ruling coalition of parties, just maybe with somewhat weaker position.
Basically European system shifts focus of political parties from making deals with their voters to making deals with other parties.
> There's also an issue with that system: it gives a ruling party an easy excuse for not keeping their promises to their voters.
The US two-parties-that-are-obviously-fractious-coalitions plus separation of powers system provides far more of those for any elected leader (because it's not a parliamentary system and lacks real mechanisms for party discipline, even a party with control of both political branches and the judiciary isn't analogous to a parliamentary-system ruling party with an outright, non-coalition majority, and isn't held accountable the way those can be.
Keeping separation of powers and adopting a more proportional system for the House of Reps, even straight party list (which would require Constitutional change), or state level party list or STV with or without some level of districting (which may or may not require Constitutional change) would not meaningfully add to the excuses for failure to deliver on promises.
In fact, systems with greater proportionality in legislative elections produce higher satisfaction with government, which should be unsurprising: electing a government that's views actually align with those of the population results in government policy more aligned with public preferences. Which, after all, is the whole premise of representative democracy.
The US two-parties-that-are-obviously-fractious-coalitions plus separation of powers system provides far more of those for any elected leader (because it's not a parliamentary system and lacks real mechanisms for party discipline, even a party with control of both political branches and the judiciary isn't analogous to a parliamentary-system ruling party with an outright, non-coalition majority, and isn't held accountable the way those can be.
Keeping separation of powers and adopting a more proportional system for the House of Reps, even straight party list (which would require Constitutional change), or state level party list or STV with or without some level of districting (which may or may not require Constitutional change) would not meaningfully add to the excuses for failure to deliver on promises.
In fact, systems with greater proportionality in legislative elections produce higher satisfaction with government, which should be unsurprising: electing a government that's views actually align with those of the population results in government policy more aligned with public preferences. Which, after all, is the whole premise of representative democracy.
> There's also an issue with that system: it gives a ruling party an easy excuse for not keeping their promises to their voters. You can always say: "We tried, but we didn't have a majority and our allied party was against that".I can't count how many times I heard that being said in my country.
Well yes, but since you have more than three parties (I don't know what country you're from, or how many viable parties you have), voters can be less forgiving.
I heard somewhere[0] that a market needs at least four somewhat viable players, in the sense that one is a monopoly (bad), but two and three players can still control the market in an undesirable manner.
It probably also depends very much on the particulars of the government, how much power the opposition parties still have versus the coalition, if there's multiple Houses and how they interact, etc.
Either way, I do believe that having multiple viable parties (and preferably at least four?) is a good thing compared to having only two real contenders. But this is mainly because I'm looking at the UK and US for examples of two-party systems. From both I understand that a very large portion of the voting population are rationally aware that their votes will almost certainly not make any difference whatsoever. If anyone knows about other countries with two-party systems that actually make many voters feel well (or at least fairly) represented, I'm curious to hear about them.
[0] I don't have a citation sorry. It was on the news, in the context of the number of mobile network operators in the Netherlands being down to three, due to a merger. And afaik all of them are now multinationals. But not only do I not have a citation, neither can I really say whether the same holds for political parties in a democracy. So take this for what you like :)
Well yes, but since you have more than three parties (I don't know what country you're from, or how many viable parties you have), voters can be less forgiving.
I heard somewhere[0] that a market needs at least four somewhat viable players, in the sense that one is a monopoly (bad), but two and three players can still control the market in an undesirable manner.
It probably also depends very much on the particulars of the government, how much power the opposition parties still have versus the coalition, if there's multiple Houses and how they interact, etc.
Either way, I do believe that having multiple viable parties (and preferably at least four?) is a good thing compared to having only two real contenders. But this is mainly because I'm looking at the UK and US for examples of two-party systems. From both I understand that a very large portion of the voting population are rationally aware that their votes will almost certainly not make any difference whatsoever. If anyone knows about other countries with two-party systems that actually make many voters feel well (or at least fairly) represented, I'm curious to hear about them.
[0] I don't have a citation sorry. It was on the news, in the context of the number of mobile network operators in the Netherlands being down to three, due to a merger. And afaik all of them are now multinationals. But not only do I not have a citation, neither can I really say whether the same holds for political parties in a democracy. So take this for what you like :)
Exactly. Successive governments in the UK waste vast amounts on money on stuff like health service reform, which get unpicked by the next government. It is deeply stupid the amount of money we in the UK spent on brand new nursery schools that were built 2000-2010 and then abandoned after 2010.
> We could change voting systems to introduce more viable parties (which has it's own problems - look at unstable governments in Europe based on oddball alliances).
Those systems aren't really unstable, they just formalize things that go on behind the scenes in the US system where the major parties are actually internally diverse coalition with competitive factions.
Those systems aren't really unstable, they just formalize things that go on behind the scenes in the US system where the major parties are actually internally diverse coalition with competitive factions.
> look at unstable governments in Europe based on oddball alliances
vs hammering through legislation with zero bipartisanship.
Which is actually a problem in parliamentary systems that end up with majorities.
These coalition governments are a feature, not a bug.
vs hammering through legislation with zero bipartisanship.
Which is actually a problem in parliamentary systems that end up with majorities.
These coalition governments are a feature, not a bug.
This is so clever and effective that I guarantee it will never gain traction.
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But none of this matters because less then 50% of people in america even care to vote and no its not because drivers licenses or gerrymandering.
This solution traces its origins back to the Book of Genesis. Perhaps that would help the case for implementing it in the USA?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divide_and_choose#History
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divide_and_choose#History
The opinion, which does not appear to be linked in the NYT article, is here: https://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/legal-work.... Interestingly, all three judges, including Judge Osteen, a George W. Bush appointee, agreed that the map was unconstitutional and the legislature had to try again. Judge Osteen's dissent was only in part, and addressed the first amendment claim and the appointment of a special master to oversee the second attempt at drawing the map.
Thank you, I was looking for that.
Does anyone know: is it typical for the NYT to not link to court decisions? I'm used to such links in online news stories.
Does anyone know: is it typical for the NYT to not link to court decisions? I'm used to such links in online news stories.
One article I read said that there is a 30% Republican voter base that is covered by 76% of the congressional maps. They redrew the maps so they would have 10 seats and Dems would have 3. In the past I've read the Democrats have done similar things.
As a software engineer, isn't there some way to draw maps which balance out demographics programmatically? While taking into consideration population, rural, suburban, urban areas, etc. Shouldn't there be a national policy/process that is followed?
It would make some sense to abolish recording what party people affiliate with. It really serves no purpose. Let people vote in both parties primaries.
As a software engineer, isn't there some way to draw maps which balance out demographics programmatically? While taking into consideration population, rural, suburban, urban areas, etc. Shouldn't there be a national policy/process that is followed?
It would make some sense to abolish recording what party people affiliate with. It really serves no purpose. Let people vote in both parties primaries.
Data Scientist with a Master of Public Administration degree here (don't ask). My proposal for solving this has always been to frame it as an optimization problem.
You have a certain number of census tracts (essentially, neighborhoods) with known populations and geographic areas. You know you need to divide the state into X congressional districts.
You should simply assign census tracts to districts such that 1) you end up with X districts, 2) each district's total population is within a Y% tolerance of state population / X, 3) you minimize the average of the lengths of the district borders (to force maximum geographic compactness).
Given available data from the Census, some mucking around in PostGIS or ESRI, and a state-of-the-art commercial solver like Gurobi, there's absolutely no reason this couldn't be done.
It'd also be trivial to add on requirements for balancing demographics or political affiliation within certain tolerances as well.
You have a certain number of census tracts (essentially, neighborhoods) with known populations and geographic areas. You know you need to divide the state into X congressional districts.
You should simply assign census tracts to districts such that 1) you end up with X districts, 2) each district's total population is within a Y% tolerance of state population / X, 3) you minimize the average of the lengths of the district borders (to force maximum geographic compactness).
Given available data from the Census, some mucking around in PostGIS or ESRI, and a state-of-the-art commercial solver like Gurobi, there's absolutely no reason this couldn't be done.
It'd also be trivial to add on requirements for balancing demographics or political affiliation within certain tolerances as well.
That actually sounds like it would balance the competing needs of wanting neighborhoods with an identity to have a voice and not stacking districts to unfairly affect the percentage of representative affiliation compared to the general population quite nicely.
Who would have thought someone that has spent a large chunk of their life studying and working in the areas that are required to solve this problem would come up with a useful solution? Not our representatives, apparently... :/
Who would have thought someone that has spent a large chunk of their life studying and working in the areas that are required to solve this problem would come up with a useful solution? Not our representatives, apparently... :/
As it is in most countries...
Is it? I'm admittedly fairly ignorant on how other countries run their election systems, but... geographic representation seems uncommon (lots of parliamentary systems) and sophisticated solutions to drawing districts within countries that have geographic representation would have to be even more rare.
I am familiar with Parliamentary systems of 5 countries (Britain & former colonies) and they are mostly geographic, to my knowledge. Each Members of Parliament is voted in by voters residing within a geographic region/ward.
Interesting... looks like a lot of countries with parliamentary systems use proportional instead of geographic representation... but not the UK or Canada. Today I learned.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representation#Li...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representation#Li...
And some countries manage to achieve proportional representation while still giving each district their own choice of representative (e.g. Mixed-Member Proportional Representation in Germany and New Zealand).
> As a software engineer, isn't there some way to draw maps which balance out demographics programmatically?
There are mathematicians who study gerrymandering and election maps [1,2].
[1] https://sites.tufts.edu/gerrymandr/ [2] https://phys.org/news/2017-08-math-experts-brainpower-gerrym...
There are mathematicians who study gerrymandering and election maps [1,2].
[1] https://sites.tufts.edu/gerrymandr/ [2] https://phys.org/news/2017-08-math-experts-brainpower-gerrym...
I think the current analytical mechanism to achieve balance is by measuring the “efficiency gap.”
https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?refe...
https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?refe...
According to http://pulse.ncpolicywatch.org/2017/08/22/analysis-large-eff..., NC's efficiency gap is around -11, while anything in excess of +/- 7 is considered a very large gap, so by the efficiency gap metric NC's map is definitely extreme.
The recent coverage of considerations of the efficiency gap by the Supreme Court would be available here. The illustrative graphs provide a bit quicker of an introduction to the measure.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2017/politics/courts...
https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2017/politics/courts...
> In the past I've read the Democrats have done similar things.
See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland's_3rd_congressional_d... for an example...
> isn't there some way to draw maps which balance out demographics programmatically
We can't even agree on what "balance" means. In particular, people want both majority-minority districts and party-balanced districts, which is a pretty tough constraint in practice.
See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland's_3rd_congressional_d... for an example...
> isn't there some way to draw maps which balance out demographics programmatically
We can't even agree on what "balance" means. In particular, people want both majority-minority districts and party-balanced districts, which is a pretty tough constraint in practice.
The Supreme Court will hear a case precisely about that
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/10/0...
Fivethirtyeight.com people have written a lot about it (including why you can't simply write a program and go home, just like you can't for most political questions). They also have an ongoing podcast series that talks about the issue in great detail 'The Gerrymandering Project'.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/10/0...
Fivethirtyeight.com people have written a lot about it (including why you can't simply write a program and go home, just like you can't for most political questions). They also have an ongoing podcast series that talks about the issue in great detail 'The Gerrymandering Project'.
Maybe it's time to stop using geography? Geography was an important consideration in the horse/trail era where if you were stumping around trying to get people to vote for you, how far you had to travel mattered.
Plus, before skyscrapers and other sorts high density developments geography had an okay correlation with population density, but that is no longer the case anymore. There are often far more people in a single block in a city than on an entire knob out in the knobs, or an entire mountain in mountainous areas, etc. You can't easily "circle" just a floor or three of a single building on a 2D map with any accuracy, but to balance population density fairly you may have to consider problems like that.
With TV, radio, the internet, skyscrapers, and urban density, maybe we need a whole new solution for representative democracy than where physically you collect your snail mail?
I don't have any good theories on what should replace geography, but I do think geography is a problem we could eliminate by ignoring that variable.
Plus, before skyscrapers and other sorts high density developments geography had an okay correlation with population density, but that is no longer the case anymore. There are often far more people in a single block in a city than on an entire knob out in the knobs, or an entire mountain in mountainous areas, etc. You can't easily "circle" just a floor or three of a single building on a 2D map with any accuracy, but to balance population density fairly you may have to consider problems like that.
With TV, radio, the internet, skyscrapers, and urban density, maybe we need a whole new solution for representative democracy than where physically you collect your snail mail?
I don't have any good theories on what should replace geography, but I do think geography is a problem we could eliminate by ignoring that variable.
Most problems are constrained by the facts that it costs resources to move things, and that you can't trust people to play fair when they can get ahead by cheating.
The latter makes us establish physical security around election polling sites, and the former requires that we spent money to move people, machines, and consumables into and out of those sites.
As such, those costs require that political districts consider geography as a practical, money-saving measure, especially roads and buildings. You have to print N blank ballots and send them to the polling stations, and then send back any unused blanks, and the local issues on ballots for adjacent districts might be different.
In order to eliminate geography, you would need a system that has good data security without requiring physical security for the whole network. And an integral part of that would be a foolproof and uncheatable online identification system.
Good luck with that.
The latter makes us establish physical security around election polling sites, and the former requires that we spent money to move people, machines, and consumables into and out of those sites.
As such, those costs require that political districts consider geography as a practical, money-saving measure, especially roads and buildings. You have to print N blank ballots and send them to the polling stations, and then send back any unused blanks, and the local issues on ballots for adjacent districts might be different.
In order to eliminate geography, you would need a system that has good data security without requiring physical security for the whole network. And an integral part of that would be a foolproof and uncheatable online identification system.
Good luck with that.
You can consider geography as far as logistics without using geography as the determining factor as far as who gets elected.
You could simply let anyone vote for anyone and elect the top N contenders where there is N seats.
Logically the choices would resemble the choices of the population.
You can also use the slow but difficult to default distributed network we have had the longest. The US mail.
You could simply let anyone vote for anyone and elect the top N contenders where there is N seats.
Logically the choices would resemble the choices of the population.
You can also use the slow but difficult to default distributed network we have had the longest. The US mail.
The point of districting is to have the representation be more connected to a particular demographic than the whole state.
I get what you're saying about geography.
But the alternatives have a lot of pitfalls. An at-large candidate from Texas or California is not likely to be particularly close to any minority demographic that might desire a champion for their concerns. You end up with every candidate from Chicago, campaigning in Chicago and its collar counties, and no one ever visits or gets elected from Carbondale or Bloomington-Normal or the Illinois part of the Quad Cities.
It might be appropriate to segment the population by profession, such as to have all the bus drivers, car drivers, train operators, and pilots in the state nominally represented by the same person, while all the farmers, loggers, and ranchers have their own person. That faces the same problems as geographical gerrymandering, and more.
If you segmented the population alphabetically, the representative for surnames starting with the letters A through C does not have a particularly clear mandate. But at least it would likely be a fair distribution.
I think the simplest segmentation would be between urban and rural. Line up voters by the population density of their census tract. Slice the population into a reasonable number of buckets, 2 or 3, and the voters in those buckets elect a number of at-large representatives. You probably end up with liberal representatives for every urban core, moderate representatives for every suburb and commuter artery, and conservative representatives for every hamlet and unincorporated township that can still see the stars at night.
I get what you're saying about geography.
But the alternatives have a lot of pitfalls. An at-large candidate from Texas or California is not likely to be particularly close to any minority demographic that might desire a champion for their concerns. You end up with every candidate from Chicago, campaigning in Chicago and its collar counties, and no one ever visits or gets elected from Carbondale or Bloomington-Normal or the Illinois part of the Quad Cities.
It might be appropriate to segment the population by profession, such as to have all the bus drivers, car drivers, train operators, and pilots in the state nominally represented by the same person, while all the farmers, loggers, and ranchers have their own person. That faces the same problems as geographical gerrymandering, and more.
If you segmented the population alphabetically, the representative for surnames starting with the letters A through C does not have a particularly clear mandate. But at least it would likely be a fair distribution.
I think the simplest segmentation would be between urban and rural. Line up voters by the population density of their census tract. Slice the population into a reasonable number of buckets, 2 or 3, and the voters in those buckets elect a number of at-large representatives. You probably end up with liberal representatives for every urban core, moderate representatives for every suburb and commuter artery, and conservative representatives for every hamlet and unincorporated township that can still see the stars at night.
If rural voters are a small minority of the populace why should their distinct regressive views have more than a mathmatically appropriate ammount of weight? When tyranny of the majority is most people agreeing people ought to have more rights than rural hicks think they ought to deserve I fail to see the problem.
Democracy means representing the majority view tempered by personal judgement.
Democracy means representing the majority view tempered by personal judgement.
But they are not a small minority. It just costs more in campaign funding to sway their votes. You would have to have a smaller event in every county seat to equal one big political rally in the metropolis. That's a lot of time and distance, and the payoff goes into the basement if other candidates are doing the same thing.
Or you could just make this simple and use STV or a similar preference-based, candidate-centered, proportional system, which effectively segments the electorate by candidate preferences expressed in the election, rather than prior to the election. This essentially minimizes distortions resulting from pre-vote segmentation.
> You could simply let anyone vote for anyone and elect the top N contenders where there is N seats
You could, but that would actually be worse the FPTP in single member districts.
> Logically the choices would resemble the choices of the population.
No, they wouldn't, except by chance. Say you have six candidates, A-F, for three seats. 75% of the electorate prefers an ideology generally espoused by A, B, and C; 25% prefers an ideology generally espoused by D and E, and 10% prefers an ideology espoused by F.
In the first group, A is by far the most effective campaigner and gets 70% of the total vote, with the remainder split evenly between B and C; in the second group, support is split equally between D and E. The last, of course, all goes to F.
So, in your top 3 vote, A and F win seats in the clear, and the third vote goes to a tiebreaker between D and E; this does not at all reflect the distribution of views in the population.
That's why methods like Single Transferrable Vote and it's relatives, using preference rather than bullet ballots, exist.
You could, but that would actually be worse the FPTP in single member districts.
> Logically the choices would resemble the choices of the population.
No, they wouldn't, except by chance. Say you have six candidates, A-F, for three seats. 75% of the electorate prefers an ideology generally espoused by A, B, and C; 25% prefers an ideology generally espoused by D and E, and 10% prefers an ideology espoused by F.
In the first group, A is by far the most effective campaigner and gets 70% of the total vote, with the remainder split evenly between B and C; in the second group, support is split equally between D and E. The last, of course, all goes to F.
So, in your top 3 vote, A and F win seats in the clear, and the third vote goes to a tiebreaker between D and E; this does not at all reflect the distribution of views in the population.
That's why methods like Single Transferrable Vote and it's relatives, using preference rather than bullet ballots, exist.
I'm all for innovative methods like single transferable vote and agree they would be more effective than FPTP but I think this is logically distinct from whether we should decouple votes from geographical locations.
They aren't practically distinct, and the benefit you claimed upthread is not realized with the voting system (which is also an innovative, non-FPTP, system, just a bad one) you proposed.
Right, Oregon and Washington figured out an easy way to decouple geography logistics of polling places and voting is to use absentee ballots for everyone and allow the physical security of the postal service to do its job.
It's not an interesting solution to the real-time results obsessed crowd, but it is a solution proven to mostly work.
It's not an interesting solution to the real-time results obsessed crowd, but it is a solution proven to mostly work.
Additionally, geography does matter for the group for similar reasons. Proximity constrains economics and policy.
In Oregon we vote by mail. So there's one way.
Geography still matters because your interests are entwined with where you live, at least so long as you continue to venture out the front door.
Most people's social lives are entirely virtual these days. The boundaries are getting fuzzier.
Yes, there will always be direct local interests like fire, police, emergency service, sewage, utility, etc districts, but those services all have natural boundaries themselves, and the political boundaries can and often do match there at city/county/township/x-district levels.
But the state and federal levels, at least in the US, seem increasingly divorced from geography (outside of the Cold Civil War between rural and urban economies/beliefs/interests). The weird shapes of current gerrymandered districts is only possible because the geography is so divorced from the governing. If the shape of most US congressional districts was the shape of fire or sewage districts there would be riots in the streets.
Yes, there will always be direct local interests like fire, police, emergency service, sewage, utility, etc districts, but those services all have natural boundaries themselves, and the political boundaries can and often do match there at city/county/township/x-district levels.
But the state and federal levels, at least in the US, seem increasingly divorced from geography (outside of the Cold Civil War between rural and urban economies/beliefs/interests). The weird shapes of current gerrymandered districts is only possible because the geography is so divorced from the governing. If the shape of most US congressional districts was the shape of fire or sewage districts there would be riots in the streets.
It doesn't even have to be a complex mathematical equation. Gerrymandering is a particularly acute American problem which isn't present in most other industrial democracies, because in most cases, an independent commission is picked to define district boundaries, and they are mostly guided by common sense and fairness, which seems to work well enough. The problem the U.S. has is to leave this task to people who have an inherent conflict of interest in the outcome of the process.
It's certainly not an issue recently, but the UK used to have lots of issues with it, see rotten and pocket boroughs (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_and_pocket_boroughs).
That's in some sense the opposite problem - constituency boundaries _didn't_ change so became manipulable, rather than the boundaries being deliberately drawn to introduce bias.
Interestingly, a university in North Carolina is working on this exact problem, right now. Guess how they got interested in it :).
https://services.math.duke.edu/projects/gerrymandering/
https://services.math.duke.edu/projects/gerrymandering/
It's very true that in the past the Dems have behaved similarly.
I used to agree (also a software engineer) that this is a puzzle that ought to be solveable with weighted voronoi diagrams or somesuch but then I read: https://peoplespolicyproject.org/2017/10/17/the-problem-of-d...
I used to agree (also a software engineer) that this is a puzzle that ought to be solveable with weighted voronoi diagrams or somesuch but then I read: https://peoplespolicyproject.org/2017/10/17/the-problem-of-d...
> As a software engineer, isn't there some way to draw maps which balance out demographics programmatically?
Once you define which of the many competing priorities for districting (aside from naked partisan advantage and disenfranchising particular races, which we can assume are agreed not to be acceptable priorities) to optimize and how to weight them against each other this becomes easy.
Of course, the people with illegitimate goals can easily game out which combination of the notionally legitimate goals maximizes their actual illegitimate ones, and advocate for that as the standard.
Once you define which of the many competing priorities for districting (aside from naked partisan advantage and disenfranchising particular races, which we can assume are agreed not to be acceptable priorities) to optimize and how to weight them against each other this becomes easy.
Of course, the people with illegitimate goals can easily game out which combination of the notionally legitimate goals maximizes their actual illegitimate ones, and advocate for that as the standard.
Independent non-partisan redistricting commissions solve this problem easily. But only a few states (Washington, California among the bigger ones) are brave enough to go through with it.
There are very few independent, non-partisan human beings. Simply changing who does the redistricting and the means bu which they are chosen to do so doesn't solve the problem, because the people who are interested in and chosen to do the task are always going to have political views.
Even having bipartisan commisions doesn't solve the problem. Parties will work together to secure incumbents.
It basically comes down to a who watches the watchers issue.
Even having bipartisan commisions doesn't solve the problem. Parties will work together to secure incumbents.
It basically comes down to a who watches the watchers issue.
No, it actually works. When California went through with it, the “other side” actually gained seats. It takes the drama out of redistricting, and districts are of a much regular shape. Of course, isn’t perfect, but a sucks way less solution is much better than a sucks way more one.
> It takes the drama out of redistricting,
The California process may produce better results on average by some measure (and is emphatically more transparent) compared to legislative redistricting, but it emphatically vastly increased the drama associated with redistricting.
The California process may produce better results on average by some measure (and is emphatically more transparent) compared to legislative redistricting, but it emphatically vastly increased the drama associated with redistricting.
How so? Californians seem really happy with it, all things considered.
Largely, the transparency, which meant public hearings with lots of involvement from interest groups, with accusations (which turned out to be true) that both major political parties were actively working behind the scenes to coordinate those groups to bend the process to their partisan advantage, and all kinds of related drama that didn't happen with legislative districting.
But, yes, I think people are mostly satisfied with the results, which is a separate issue from drama in the process.
But, yes, I think people are mostly satisfied with the results, which is a separate issue from drama in the process.
California has a multipartisan redistricting commission consisting of equal numbers of Democrats, Republicans, and members of neither major party; it does not have a nonpartisan redistricting commission.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistricting_commission
California is listed as "Non-partisan; super-majority (majority of each group) needed", you can argue that Wiki is wrong about this, but thats the source I'm using.
Wiki further clarifies its use of "non partisan":
Non-partisan means that either, a) the partisan makeup of the commission is not specified beforehand, or b) a substantial portion (i.e. more than one) of the membership of the commission is reserved for political independents or members of so-called Third Parties.
California is listed as "Non-partisan; super-majority (majority of each group) needed", you can argue that Wiki is wrong about this, but thats the source I'm using.
Wiki further clarifies its use of "non partisan":
Non-partisan means that either, a) the partisan makeup of the commission is not specified beforehand, or b) a substantial portion (i.e. more than one) of the membership of the commission is reserved for political independents or members of so-called Third Parties.
That's a kind of odd use of “non-partisan”—both (a) and (b), actually, since (a) would allow a commission entirely of political appointees of the sitting governor, without in-law specification of partisan makeup, to be a “nonpartisan” commission, and (b) allows a commission where appointment is specifically slots by party and most seats assigned to the two major parties to be non-partisan.
But, yes, by that odd definition, the California system is non-partisan under (b).
But, yes, by that odd definition, the California system is non-partisan under (b).
First define what goals are "fair" or "balanced".
Proportionate representation.
Not that I disagree, but at what level do you establish proportional representation? At the state, county, city/town/municipality, somewhere in between? Currently, I think the boundaries are drawn ad-hoc but loosely defined by population, geography, and demographics that benefit who ever is in charge of the pen.
Proportionate along what lines?
Voter parties?
The interest voters express preferences for by voting?
The interests voters idealize (they may vote pragmatically within existing rules)?
Etc., etc.
A purely algorithmic solution needs to encode preferences and how to balance them, so they need to be defined quite precisely.
Voter parties?
The interest voters express preferences for by voting?
The interests voters idealize (they may vote pragmatically within existing rules)?
Etc., etc.
A purely algorithmic solution needs to encode preferences and how to balance them, so they need to be defined quite precisely.
Proportionate by whatever groups the voters self-select. If there are 13 seats then any group of 1/13th of the voters that votes for the same candidate should get that cantitate election.
That's not a district plan, it's a different way of apportioning representation. Hence my confusion.
Some fancy application of Voronoi Diagrams[1] seems like it would make sense to me.
[1] https://sites.math.washington.edu/~morrow/mcm/uw_1034.pdf
[1] https://sites.math.washington.edu/~morrow/mcm/uw_1034.pdf
I used to share your reasoning that a straightforward technical solution must exist but this article really opened my eyes to the various tradeoffs involved in districting and how finding a balance is indeed a political not a technical problem: "Gerrymandering isn't evil" https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/06/could-gerrym...
Software would be relatively easy, enacting the policy difficult. Who would want to relinquish their power to a computer?
And the concerns of bias in the algorithm could still be there. As would the fear of hacking. Neither seem as big of an issue as flat-out intentional gerrymandering and could be mitigated by open review process.
But it's unprecedented which makes it hard to enact without a lot of momentum.
But it's unprecedented which makes it hard to enact without a lot of momentum.
Keep in mind the whole point of these districts is to bias in favor of a demographic. If you want to automate that then you also have to explicitly define the biases. If you don't want biases then get rid of the districts.
Ironically enough, the software seems to already exist, but right now (according to the article) it's being used perversely to draw the districts in the least fair way possible.
How would the software work? You want to put communities together. Ideally, you don't want your community to be split in the middle because of a congressional line.
Not saying that isn't happening now, it is. But software doesn't solve that issue.
So we created this great problem: congressional lines. Then we try and fix it. Representation is hard. Why not do away with the problem entirely? Remove this type of representation.
Radical, yes, but what does congress do anyway? ;)
Not saying that isn't happening now, it is. But software doesn't solve that issue.
So we created this great problem: congressional lines. Then we try and fix it. Representation is hard. Why not do away with the problem entirely? Remove this type of representation.
Radical, yes, but what does congress do anyway? ;)
> you don't want your community to be split in the middle because of a congressional line.
why does this matter? congresspeople vote on national issues, not local issues.
why does this matter? congresspeople vote on national issues, not local issues.
Ok then why have these lines at all? That is my argument.
What I don't get is that the US seems to be trying to push its political system to the absolute limit. Since I came to the US there is this constant push for impeaching the sitting president, disputing election results, extreme gerrymandering and all the other nonsense going on. This is the climate that breeds a strongman dictator that "cleans up" all the mess.
Has it always been that way and will get worked out or is the US determined to destroy its institutions?
Has it always been that way and will get worked out or is the US determined to destroy its institutions?
> Has it always been that way
Well, let's analyze each of your questions in turn.
> Since I came to the US there is this constant push for impeaching the sitting president
When did you come to the USA?
There was a constant push to impeach Obama. There was a constant push to impeach Bush. The was a constant push to impeach Clinton.
Clinton was elected in 1993, so there are a lot of adult Americans who were born in the USA and who can also say that "since I came to the US (aka was born), there has been this constant push for impeaching the sitting president".
> extreme gerrymandering
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrymandering#Etymology
> and all the other nonsense
Congress seems to be more dysfunctional now than it was in the 80's and 90's. But there have been worse eras, too. At least the congressmen who've been shot lately weren't shot by other congressmen in duels, for example... :-\
Well, let's analyze each of your questions in turn.
> Since I came to the US there is this constant push for impeaching the sitting president
When did you come to the USA?
There was a constant push to impeach Obama. There was a constant push to impeach Bush. The was a constant push to impeach Clinton.
Clinton was elected in 1993, so there are a lot of adult Americans who were born in the USA and who can also say that "since I came to the US (aka was born), there has been this constant push for impeaching the sitting president".
> extreme gerrymandering
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrymandering#Etymology
> and all the other nonsense
Congress seems to be more dysfunctional now than it was in the 80's and 90's. But there have been worse eras, too. At least the congressmen who've been shot lately weren't shot by other congressmen in duels, for example... :-\
> Congress seems to be more dysfunctional now than it was in the 80's and 90's.
Electoral punishment for gaming the system to extreme levels, and even for misconduct that has no benefit for a party or candidates image or efficacy (blatant corruption, Roy Moore-type behavior [edit, 1]) has proven to be non-existent. The more various candidates and officials push, the farther it's clear they can go without punishment. Things are getting worse because they keep trying to push farther, and succeeding.
This is largely because of wedge issues—especially abortion, but also guns to a lesser extent. The problem won't go away unless we modify our election system to permit more than two viable parties at a time, so that, say, an anti-abortion party can go way off the rails and its saner voters can defect to another anti-abortion party, without losing anti-abortion voting power in legislative bodies (as, say, a protest vote would), and so on for every other issue. Proportional representation or something along those lines would help a lot. Most any effective change like this would also eliminate or greatly reduce the power of gerrymandering.
[1] Nearly non-existent—he did lose, after all, but narrowly.
Electoral punishment for gaming the system to extreme levels, and even for misconduct that has no benefit for a party or candidates image or efficacy (blatant corruption, Roy Moore-type behavior [edit, 1]) has proven to be non-existent. The more various candidates and officials push, the farther it's clear they can go without punishment. Things are getting worse because they keep trying to push farther, and succeeding.
This is largely because of wedge issues—especially abortion, but also guns to a lesser extent. The problem won't go away unless we modify our election system to permit more than two viable parties at a time, so that, say, an anti-abortion party can go way off the rails and its saner voters can defect to another anti-abortion party, without losing anti-abortion voting power in legislative bodies (as, say, a protest vote would), and so on for every other issue. Proportional representation or something along those lines would help a lot. Most any effective change like this would also eliminate or greatly reduce the power of gerrymandering.
[1] Nearly non-existent—he did lose, after all, but narrowly.
"Congress seems to be more dysfunctional now than it was in the 80's and 90's. But there have been worse eras, too. At least the congressmen who've been shot lately weren't shot by other congressmen in duels, for example... :-\ "
I would prefer duels or fistfights overt the current state to be honest :-). Those tend to end after a while whereas the current state can go on forever.
I would prefer duels or fistfights overt the current state to be honest :-). Those tend to end after a while whereas the current state can go on forever.
The era of duels had problems beyond just the duels.
Civil wars tend to end but I'd prefer the current state of affairs over a full-blown war, to be honest.
Civil wars tend to end but I'd prefer the current state of affairs over a full-blown war, to be honest.
>[There is a constant push to impeach Trump.] There was a constant push to impeach Obama. There was a constant push to impeach Bush. The was a constant push to impeach Clinton.
Is this considered normal? If so, why? It's like results of an election aren't final. A candidate wins yet people try to have him kicked out. :/
Is this considered normal? If so, why? It's like results of an election aren't final. A candidate wins yet people try to have him kicked out. :/
> Is this considered normal?
Impeachment looms larger in the public's imagination than it does in Congress's. It's normal for people wo want an elected official they dislike to go away, but let's be honest: it's mostly rhetoric and not action. Nixon and Clinton lost the public's confidence to a degree that forced the issue, but most people understand that it's not likely to happen even if they wish it would.
> If so, why? It's like results of an election aren't final.
This is essentially the point. Election results aren't final. We don't elect a king, or a dictator, for four years. We elect a President, who serves at our leisure, but whose power is checked by Congress, who also serve at our leisure. If Congress loses faith in a President - which is what impeachment implies - one would hope that they decide to exercise that option.
Impeachment looms larger in the public's imagination than it does in Congress's. It's normal for people wo want an elected official they dislike to go away, but let's be honest: it's mostly rhetoric and not action. Nixon and Clinton lost the public's confidence to a degree that forced the issue, but most people understand that it's not likely to happen even if they wish it would.
> If so, why? It's like results of an election aren't final.
This is essentially the point. Election results aren't final. We don't elect a king, or a dictator, for four years. We elect a President, who serves at our leisure, but whose power is checked by Congress, who also serve at our leisure. If Congress loses faith in a President - which is what impeachment implies - one would hope that they decide to exercise that option.
"It's like results of an election aren't final. A candidate wins yet people try to have him kicked out"
Instead of impeaching Trump maybe the Democrats should start standing for something and try to get elected. This seems a much more straightforward way.
Instead of impeaching Trump maybe the Democrats should start standing for something and try to get elected. This seems a much more straightforward way.
Where does this idea that Democrats don't stand for something come from? It's pretty clear what they stand for. While there is disunity within the party, it's no worse than what the GOP faces.
When I watched the last campaign the main message I got was that Clinton is not Trump and a woman and that's good enough to vote for her. I think she could easily have won if she had made a real case to vote for her.
I can't honestly imagine you were either so blind or stupid as to believe that either of those were her main messages. Was your point to say that you slept through the election or that you got all of your political information via Fox news and 4chan? Not sure which, but you certainly weren't actually paying attention in 2016.
I guess I am pretty stupid. Good to know.
Just in case you're serious: Her basic case was a continuation of Obama-era policies: Expansion of access to health care; focus on climate change; level-headed foreign policy; etc.
I think you're right, in a sense. She had a 52-point plan on her website which outlined her position on any number of issues. At heart, she's a policy wonk. Leslie Knope for president. If she had been a bit more simplistic, it would likely have spoken to voters a bit more (ala Bernie Sanders -- Economic fairness! Medicare for all! Free college!)
I think you're right, in a sense. She had a 52-point plan on her website which outlined her position on any number of issues. At heart, she's a policy wonk. Leslie Knope for president. If she had been a bit more simplistic, it would likely have spoken to voters a bit more (ala Bernie Sanders -- Economic fairness! Medicare for all! Free college!)
> Is this considered normal?
I don't know if it is considered normal, but it is normal.
> A candidate wins yet people try to have him kicked out.
Impeachment is in the constitution for a reason. Winning an election is not a sufficient condition for maintaining a public office. So on face, there's nothing actually wrong with trying to use a constitutional tool to kick out an elected official.
That said,
> If so, why?
You're kind of asking for a retrial of very polarizing figures from recent political history, a dangerous topic on hn, and I suppose that's the reason for the downvotes. I'm trying, here, to give an honest and historically accurate answer.
Obama and Bush impeachment advocates were mostly unjustifiable partisans, in the sense that there were never serious, constitutionally plausible, and widely-believed-to-be-true justifications for impeachment. That's probably why neither person was ever actually impeached. Consider this "the system working mostly as intended"
Clinton was justifiable, at least at one point in time, although we could fairly ask whether the same accusations would result in an impeachment today. Again, consider this "the system working as intended"
Trump is an open case, and these things are hard to judge without the benefit of hindsight. But there are at least serious, plausible accusations of impeachable conduct. We'll see if those accusations are true, I guess.
However, you'll note that in all of these cases except for Clinton, it was a minority of elected representatives from the opposition party calling for an actual impeachment.
The vast majority of opposition representatives did always call for investigations. But that's a checks-and-balances system working as intended IMO.
I don't know if it is considered normal, but it is normal.
> A candidate wins yet people try to have him kicked out.
Impeachment is in the constitution for a reason. Winning an election is not a sufficient condition for maintaining a public office. So on face, there's nothing actually wrong with trying to use a constitutional tool to kick out an elected official.
That said,
> If so, why?
You're kind of asking for a retrial of very polarizing figures from recent political history, a dangerous topic on hn, and I suppose that's the reason for the downvotes. I'm trying, here, to give an honest and historically accurate answer.
Obama and Bush impeachment advocates were mostly unjustifiable partisans, in the sense that there were never serious, constitutionally plausible, and widely-believed-to-be-true justifications for impeachment. That's probably why neither person was ever actually impeached. Consider this "the system working mostly as intended"
Clinton was justifiable, at least at one point in time, although we could fairly ask whether the same accusations would result in an impeachment today. Again, consider this "the system working as intended"
Trump is an open case, and these things are hard to judge without the benefit of hindsight. But there are at least serious, plausible accusations of impeachable conduct. We'll see if those accusations are true, I guess.
However, you'll note that in all of these cases except for Clinton, it was a minority of elected representatives from the opposition party calling for an actual impeachment.
The vast majority of opposition representatives did always call for investigations. But that's a checks-and-balances system working as intended IMO.
The strongest cases for impeaching GWBush and Clinton are remarkably similar; Clinton for prosecuting a war without Congressional authorization, Bush for bad faith in the determinations required under what amounted to a conditional declaration of war by Congress.
OTOH, the Clinton impeachment that actually occurred (and ultimately resulted in a Senate acquittal) was on a completely different basis.
OTOH, the Clinton impeachment that actually occurred (and ultimately resulted in a Senate acquittal) was on a completely different basis.
But that's not why Clinton was impeached.
As I mention: “OTOH, the Clinton impeachment that actually occurred (and ultimately resulted in a Senate acquittal) was on a completely different basis.”
>Impeachment is in the constitution for a reason. Winning an election is not a sufficient condition for maintaining a public office. So on face, there's nothing actually wrong with trying to use a constitutional tool to kick out an elected official.
Doesn't the fact that there has been a push to get all the presidents kicked out mean there's something really wrong?
Doesn't the fact that there has been a push to get all the presidents kicked out mean there's something really wrong?
> Doesn't the fact that there has been a push to get all the presidents kicked out mean there's something really wrong?
Not especially, given that the “push” in the activist base hasn't procedurally gone very far in most cases. You'd find very few democracies where some members of the opposition (especially in the electorate) don't claim that any given leader’s behavior is unacceptable and should result in removal.
I mean, I think something did go wrong—Ford’s pardon of Nixon which was essentially justified by the argument that prosecuting a President would be too much for the nation to deal with—which has encouraged subsequent President's to view violating legal and Constitutional constraints on the power of the Presidency as safe because they are, in a sense, “too big to fail”.
But I while I think that has manifested in an increase in Presidential limit-pushing at least from Reagan on, I don't think that impeachment discussions are particularly a system if a deep political dysfunction.
Not especially, given that the “push” in the activist base hasn't procedurally gone very far in most cases. You'd find very few democracies where some members of the opposition (especially in the electorate) don't claim that any given leader’s behavior is unacceptable and should result in removal.
I mean, I think something did go wrong—Ford’s pardon of Nixon which was essentially justified by the argument that prosecuting a President would be too much for the nation to deal with—which has encouraged subsequent President's to view violating legal and Constitutional constraints on the power of the Presidency as safe because they are, in a sense, “too big to fail”.
But I while I think that has manifested in an increase in Presidential limit-pushing at least from Reagan on, I don't think that impeachment discussions are particularly a system if a deep political dysfunction.
I think the question you ask should be re-stated in terms of magnitudes. I expect every president has had ardent opponents who want him impeached. The question is whether the mainstream component of the opposition party takes that desire seriously.
In theory much of the country is designed to be malleable and fault-tolerant. Checks and balances exist to prevent one branch from overpowering others, but the malleable nature of the country means there are mechanisms to push the dial of what powers each branch has. So the reality is at present a strongman wouldn't have the mechanisms to clean up the mess. Gridlock is - in a way - by design.
This is really just the effect of the population (and by effect politicians) becoming more polarized. There has been a definite trend towards parties becoming more and more polarized ever since the end of WW II [1].
[1] https://legacy.voteview.com/political_polarization_2015.htm
[1] https://legacy.voteview.com/political_polarization_2015.htm
That's kind of expected over time in a stable two-party system; the periods of declining polarization are actually the periods just before partisan realignments, where the divides underlying old coalitions are losing salience, so the major parties are less coherent.
After WWII (or, really, FDR's first campaign) the party system entered a long realignment along what became the modern American left/right axis which was basically completed in the early 1990s. Which is why polarization increased throughout the post-WWII period, but also why it was turbocharged from the Clinton era on.
After WWII (or, really, FDR's first campaign) the party system entered a long realignment along what became the modern American left/right axis which was basically completed in the early 1990s. Which is why polarization increased throughout the post-WWII period, but also why it was turbocharged from the Clinton era on.
No. It's the republicans for the last couple decades.
Institutionally things are starting to break down because of a combination of poor design and poor implementation.
But there are so very many people who will argue that the current system is a feature not a bug.
Institutionally things are starting to break down because of a combination of poor design and poor implementation.
But there are so very many people who will argue that the current system is a feature not a bug.
No, it's both sides for the last three or four decades.
The Democrats were unhappy with Reagan and Bush Sr. The Republicans were deeply unhappy with Clinton. The Democrats were on the border of being deranged by Bush Jr. The Republicans were deranged with Obama. Now the Democrats are absolutely insane about Trump.
(I'll give you that Trump makes it easier than any of his predecessors. Still, this has been growing since 1980, on both sides.)
The Democrats were unhappy with Reagan and Bush Sr. The Republicans were deeply unhappy with Clinton. The Democrats were on the border of being deranged by Bush Jr. The Republicans were deranged with Obama. Now the Democrats are absolutely insane about Trump.
(I'll give you that Trump makes it easier than any of his predecessors. Still, this has been growing since 1980, on both sides.)
The flaw in your analysis is that people thinking Obama is literally a half breed Antichrist from Kenya is comparable to other people thinking Trump is the worst president ever.
They're really not the same.
They're really not the same.
And the flaw in your analysis is that only a handful of people thought that Obama was literally a half breed Antichrist from Kenya, while over half the country thinks that Trump is the worst president ever. (Even some people who normally vote Republican think that.)
They're really not the same.
They're really not the same.
Yeah, only a handful of people though Obama was a half breed from Kenya. It's still disturbing that those obscure figures (like this lone whacko[0]) said stuff like
> Wake Up America! See article: "Israeli Science: Obama Birth Certificate is a Fake"
and
> He doesn't have a birth certificate, or if he does, there's something on that certificate that is very bad for him. Now, somebody told me -- and I have no idea if this is bad for him or not, but perhaps it would be -- that where it says 'religion,' it might have 'Muslim.' And if you're a Muslim, you don't change your religion, by the way.
and
> Perfect Obama's dad born in Africa, Mitt Romney's dad born in Mexico.Any pure breeds left? #CNNDebate
Surely we can agree that nasty, terrible people like that have no place in our political discourse?
[0] http://bit.ly/1PR0Fzw
> Wake Up America! See article: "Israeli Science: Obama Birth Certificate is a Fake"
and
> He doesn't have a birth certificate, or if he does, there's something on that certificate that is very bad for him. Now, somebody told me -- and I have no idea if this is bad for him or not, but perhaps it would be -- that where it says 'religion,' it might have 'Muslim.' And if you're a Muslim, you don't change your religion, by the way.
and
> Perfect Obama's dad born in Africa, Mitt Romney's dad born in Mexico.Any pure breeds left? #CNNDebate
Surely we can agree that nasty, terrible people like that have no place in our political discourse?
[0] http://bit.ly/1PR0Fzw
You are aware of the fact that even in 2016 more than 40% of registered Republicans thought president Obama was born in Kenya, right? It was a bit more than a handful...
You did notice that scarmig said a bit more than "born in Kenya", right?
It wasn't in the US back then but from Germany it looked like they lost their minds during the Clinton years. The Levinksy thing was just ridiculous.
Well that was brought about because of a shift in republican politics that won them congress, but has lead them down a path to being a terrible party.
Notice how people don't defend republican decisions, they just immediately go "BUT BOTH SIDES". When your only defense is whataboutism, maybe you need to stop and think for a bit.
Notice how people don't defend republican decisions, they just immediately go "BUT BOTH SIDES". When your only defense is whataboutism, maybe you need to stop and think for a bit.
I wasn't defending. When you're only attacking one side, maybe you need to stop and think for a bit.
No. There aren't two valid sides to every issue.
Sorry, but who tried to impeach a president over BS?
Who stole a supreme court seat?
Who started winning presidencies without the popular vote and ramming extremely unpopular legislation through with reconciliation?
Who stole a supreme court seat?
Who started winning presidencies without the popular vote and ramming extremely unpopular legislation through with reconciliation?
In related news, the NC Legislature is also trying to completely overhaul the judicial structure including redrawing the judicial districts.
http://www.newsobserver.com/news/politics-government/politic...
http://www.newsobserver.com/news/politics-government/politic...
I'm from NC and was arrested (twice -- for 2nd degree trespass) while protesting these clowns.
Make no mistake, the crass disregard for the democratic process on display in NC is a model coming soon to a state near you :(
While rulings like this are good news, what of the laws passed by these unconstitutionally "elected" bodies during the last decade? The damage (to our school system for example) is lasting and won't be undone by a mere SCOTUS rulings.
Make no mistake, the crass disregard for the democratic process on display in NC is a model coming soon to a state near you :(
While rulings like this are good news, what of the laws passed by these unconstitutionally "elected" bodies during the last decade? The damage (to our school system for example) is lasting and won't be undone by a mere SCOTUS rulings.
Thanks for getting involved! And you're completely right: Republicans have been treating North Carolina (and Wisconsin) as a lab and prototype for testing out attacks on democracy.
the crass disregard for the democratic process on display in NC is a model coming soon to a state near you :(
It's not just the democratic process, but more generally the rule of law. The GOP has gone into crazy territory with their "ends justify the means" strategies. Look at the support of Roy Moore. Party over everything. Disgusting.
It's not just the democratic process, but more generally the rule of law. The GOP has gone into crazy territory with their "ends justify the means" strategies. Look at the support of Roy Moore. Party over everything. Disgusting.
Please don't take HN threads into partisan flamewar. This whole topic is politicized, of course, but there are circles of hell and the idea here is to stay out of the inner ones.
https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html
https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html
I don’t see how any rational individual could limit this criticism to only the Democratic party.
cat199(1)
craftyguy(5)
What the elected, Republican majority legislature voted for is not "crass disregard for the democratic process". It's actually the democratic process. If the legislature passes a bill that's unconstitutional, then it's up to the judicial branch to rectify that.
By population, NC is a 50/50 red/blue state. Even by county, which is what a non-gerrymandered legislature would look like, it's all red outside of Charlotte and Raleigh, and 50/50 in places like Greensboro or Fayetteville.
I'm against HB-2 as well, but it's up to the judicial to rectify that.
By population, NC is a 50/50 red/blue state. Even by county, which is what a non-gerrymandered legislature would look like, it's all red outside of Charlotte and Raleigh, and 50/50 in places like Greensboro or Fayetteville.
I'm against HB-2 as well, but it's up to the judicial to rectify that.
> What the elected, Republican majority legislature voted for is not "crass disregard for the democratic process".
The fact that the judiciary has the power to stop them does not make what they did any more or less acceptable. Gerrymandering the state specifically to subvert the will of the voting population is crass disregard for the democratic process.
The fact that the judiciary has the power to stop them does not make what they did any more or less acceptable. Gerrymandering the state specifically to subvert the will of the voting population is crass disregard for the democratic process.
Which is why the judiciary deemed it unconstitutional! You make my point for me.
It should not be the goal of any elected official or member our federal or state governments to pass laws that violate the U.S. Constitution or state constitutions. I agree with you that judicial review is an important tool to remove such laws after they've been passed, but the current trend in U.S. federal and state legislatures is to find both blatant and subtle ways to circumvent our constitutions.
You're grossly missing the point. If your kid steals money from your wallet, you catch them and punish them. That does not make what they did right just because they were punished and you deemed their behavior unacceptable. What if you didn't find out? Or what if you decided to look the other way because it was only five dollars?
Sadly, but a morally speaking you're then getting into the same territory as it is with the sex offenders; who having offended once are stained for the rest of their lives.
There is a reason why there's a statute of limitations, but neither does it mean that the current punishment is enough.
Let's talk children, as you say - you would punish a child, yet you would not mark him as a morally corrupted person forever; the punishment just needs to be severe enough.
There is a reason why there's a statute of limitations, but neither does it mean that the current punishment is enough.
Let's talk children, as you say - you would punish a child, yet you would not mark him as a morally corrupted person forever; the punishment just needs to be severe enough.
So if the Republican majority legislature voted Trump the King of North Carolina with unchallenged authoritarian rule, that would be your idea of "the democratic process"? A democratic body taking action isn't "part of the democratic process" just because they're the ones doing it. That's not how it works.
In an elected legislature, the voters should choose their representatives, not the other way around.
If the sitting legislature changes the districts in order to choose their voters, we move away from the ideal of an election.
If the sitting legislature changes the districts in order to choose their voters, we move away from the ideal of an election.
I'm reminded of a time in Chicago when I saw one of a group of three teenagers deliberately and casually drop his trash on the floor of a public bus. Both of his peers looked at him askance and he said, "What? I pay taxes."
The existence of a body charged with cleaning up messes is not an excuse for acting in bad faith. _Nothing_ is an excuse for acting in bad faith.
The existence of a body charged with cleaning up messes is not an excuse for acting in bad faith. _Nothing_ is an excuse for acting in bad faith.
This is some weapons grade bullshit. "The legislators can pass whatever unconstitutional law they want, so long as the judges are there as a failsafe."
I lived in NC. The senators there that introduced a state constitutional amendment to deny marriage equality all ran in districts where they had no opponent running at all.
I lived in NC. The senators there that introduced a state constitutional amendment to deny marriage equality all ran in districts where they had no opponent running at all.
I think your argument is focused too far along the timeline. Yes, the Republican majority was elected. What's in dispute is the legitimacy of how they came to be elected, given the proven racist bias of how districts came to be. Different (fairer) districting might not change the Republican majority status, but it probably wouldn't be so lopsided. (BTW: Asheville is almost completely blue, too.)
Yup, I forgot about Asheville.
> proven racist bias
That goes both ways (Charlotte, Greensboro and Fayetteville). I really don't think the Democrats are going to be happy with the outcome of a rebalancing, because the Republicans will still have a huge legislative majority, maybe even more so.
> proven racist bias
That goes both ways (Charlotte, Greensboro and Fayetteville). I really don't think the Democrats are going to be happy with the outcome of a rebalancing, because the Republicans will still have a huge legislative majority, maybe even more so.
How do you get to a huge legislative majority from the voting pattern, except via unrepresentative districts?
When you divide the state up geographically instead of by population, it's way red (as is with every state in the union). While the current gerrymandering is ridiculous, I don't think it has much of an effect on the overall outcome.
"When you divide the state up geographically instead of by population, it's way red (as is with every state in the union)."
So don't do that. Land doesn't vote, people do. If you give every 600k people a congressional district, the state is slightly more red than blue.
So don't do that. Land doesn't vote, people do. If you give every 600k people a congressional district, the state is slightly more red than blue.
Any country with our agricultural exports and requirements that decides to do that will collapse upon itself.
When every policy decision is decided by the needs of the residents of a few, highly populous cities, with no thought to the different needs of those living in rural areas, being a farmer, miner, logger, etc. becomes completely disincentivized.
When all those people in those cities (and the rest of the country) require incentivized agriculture to supply their basic survival needs, the system falls apart. The whole reason we have a Senate is so people in states that produce our agricultural products aren't disenfranchised.
When every policy decision is decided by the needs of the residents of a few, highly populous cities, with no thought to the different needs of those living in rural areas, being a farmer, miner, logger, etc. becomes completely disincentivized.
When all those people in those cities (and the rest of the country) require incentivized agriculture to supply their basic survival needs, the system falls apart. The whole reason we have a Senate is so people in states that produce our agricultural products aren't disenfranchised.
Leave aside the argument that people outside of agricultural states will not understand that the billions of dollars worth of agriculture are valuable, which seems false.
Even so, California is our largest agricultural producer, and it's disenfranchised by the Senate. Other major producers include some small states like Nebraska, but also other large states like Texas, Illinois and North Carolina.
Even so, California is our largest agricultural producer, and it's disenfranchised by the Senate. Other major producers include some small states like Nebraska, but also other large states like Texas, Illinois and North Carolina.
> Any country with our agricultural exports and requirements that decides to do that will collapse upon itself... incentivized agriculture to supply their basic survival needs
Ugh.
This is a huge pet peeve of mine. The agricultural industry does not exist in isolation, so its most immediate practitioners do not deserve a minority-rule electoral power.
Farmers use Wall St money to fund the planting of seeds geo-engineered by folks living in cities, harvest the resulting crops using tractors designed/built by folks living in cities, then ship the product on freight designed/built by folks living in cities. Throughout the whole process, farmers depend upon a whole set of energy informatics products (from weather prediction to oil discovery) made possible by a tour de force of scientific and engineering talent designed/built by folks living in/around cities.
Farmers are not rugged individualists, and an individual farmer is no more "critical to the survival" of city folk than a Deere software engineer or an Exxon scientist is "critical to the survival" of the modern farmer. And yet, you don't see those folks asking for a non-representative democracy...
The myth of the rugged farmer as the pillar holding modern society is just that -- a BS mythology.
And all of this before even considering that city folk help pay for all the public infrastructure that makes farming possible in the first place -- everything form rural roads and interstates they never directly use to subsidized crop insurance they don't immediately benefit from to concessions in international treaties that directly harm their industry in return for concessions that boost our agricultural industry and thereby contribute to our own food security.
Going back to the article, farmers don't deserve to be the dictators of a minority-ruled psuedo-democracy because farmers are just one more cog in a huge machine, a machine that farmers depend on to support their own way of life and, in many cases, even survival.
> When every policy decision is decided by the needs of the residents of a few, highly populous cities, with no thought to the different needs of those living in rural areas, being a farmer, miner, logger, etc. becomes completely disincentivized.
There are lots of people in cities who depend on and know a lot about the agricultural industry. Some of them grew up on farms and went on to work in knowledge industries supporting farming. Many of these city folks know more about farming/logging/mining than even the most skilled farmer/logger/miner. And many have more at stake in the success of America's agricultural industry than the folks actually working the land.
Presuming that someone who doesn't work the land can't know the needs of the agricultural/mining/logging industry is a somewhat conceited viewpoint.
Ugh.
This is a huge pet peeve of mine. The agricultural industry does not exist in isolation, so its most immediate practitioners do not deserve a minority-rule electoral power.
Farmers use Wall St money to fund the planting of seeds geo-engineered by folks living in cities, harvest the resulting crops using tractors designed/built by folks living in cities, then ship the product on freight designed/built by folks living in cities. Throughout the whole process, farmers depend upon a whole set of energy informatics products (from weather prediction to oil discovery) made possible by a tour de force of scientific and engineering talent designed/built by folks living in/around cities.
Farmers are not rugged individualists, and an individual farmer is no more "critical to the survival" of city folk than a Deere software engineer or an Exxon scientist is "critical to the survival" of the modern farmer. And yet, you don't see those folks asking for a non-representative democracy...
The myth of the rugged farmer as the pillar holding modern society is just that -- a BS mythology.
And all of this before even considering that city folk help pay for all the public infrastructure that makes farming possible in the first place -- everything form rural roads and interstates they never directly use to subsidized crop insurance they don't immediately benefit from to concessions in international treaties that directly harm their industry in return for concessions that boost our agricultural industry and thereby contribute to our own food security.
Going back to the article, farmers don't deserve to be the dictators of a minority-ruled psuedo-democracy because farmers are just one more cog in a huge machine, a machine that farmers depend on to support their own way of life and, in many cases, even survival.
> When every policy decision is decided by the needs of the residents of a few, highly populous cities, with no thought to the different needs of those living in rural areas, being a farmer, miner, logger, etc. becomes completely disincentivized.
There are lots of people in cities who depend on and know a lot about the agricultural industry. Some of them grew up on farms and went on to work in knowledge industries supporting farming. Many of these city folks know more about farming/logging/mining than even the most skilled farmer/logger/miner. And many have more at stake in the success of America's agricultural industry than the folks actually working the land.
Presuming that someone who doesn't work the land can't know the needs of the agricultural/mining/logging industry is a somewhat conceited viewpoint.
> an individual farmer is no more "critical to the survival" of city folk than a Deere software engineer or an Exxon scientist
Utter, pompous nonsense. And I say that as a software engineer.
> farmers don't deserve to be the dictators of a minority-ruled psuedo-democracy because farmers are just one more cog in a huge machine
What they don't deserve to be is permanently dictated to because their profession requires that they live in less population dense areas.
> There are lots of people in cities who depend on and know a lot about the agricultural industry.
What percentage of people living in New York have worked a farm? I think you're pulling your conclusions out of thin air.
Utter, pompous nonsense. And I say that as a software engineer.
> farmers don't deserve to be the dictators of a minority-ruled psuedo-democracy because farmers are just one more cog in a huge machine
What they don't deserve to be is permanently dictated to because their profession requires that they live in less population dense areas.
> There are lots of people in cities who depend on and know a lot about the agricultural industry.
What percentage of people living in New York have worked a farm? I think you're pulling your conclusions out of thin air.
> Utter, pompous nonsense. And I say that as a software engineer.
One hundred years ago maybe. Not today. And the Exxon scientist/Deere engineer is meant to be read in a prototypical way. The point is, modern food security depends on the proper functioning of a lage, inter-dependent system.
It would be pompous to claim that the average software/petro engineer understands farming better than a farmer. But I didn't make that claim. I made the claim that some of these folks understand a related industry that is as important to US food security as is the actual act of farming a particular piece of land.
I also provided concrete and specific ways in which Farmers rely on a larger social fabric and, in particular, engineering/scientific/financial expertise that tends to concentrate in large cities.
Instead of calling names, provide counter-points those concrete and specific dependencies. Explain how a modern modern farmer could do his work, in an economically and ecologically sustainable way, without those other industries.
Also, in addition to the dependencies I've already pointed out, I'll provide an actual counter-example to your claim. Plenty of countries with many more farmers per capita than the USA have far worse food security than the USA, even given excellent farmland. So clearly, farmers are only part of the story!
And also a counter-example in the other direction: plenty of countries that don't use insane gerrymandering to give a minority of voters out-sized political influence have excellent agricultural systems. So clearly, farmers don't need minority rule in order for a society to enjoy a stable agricultural sector.
So no, we are not going to starve if rural folks lose their ability to push policy on abortion and bathroom usage. Both rationally and empirically, the claims you're making about the supremacy of the farmer's vote don't hold up to observed reality.
> What they don't deserve to be is permanently dictated to because their profession requires that they live in less population dense areas.
That's true. But they also don't deserve more say because they live in a less dense area, which is what you were originally claiming.
And even if farmers did have some unique secret sauce understanding of the inter-connected system that ensures US food security, your argument still does not justify giving rural folks in general an out-sized voice in governance. You do not make the case that the average rural McDonalds employee should have more voting power than the average urban McDonalds employee. The proposition that your argument actually defends is that that (farm) land ownership/stewardship should determine voting power.
Ew.
Each person should have one vote, equally weighted, and without respect to geographic location. No?
> What percentage of people living in New York have worked a farm? I think you're pulling your conclusions out of thin air.
Well, New York has a lot of agriculture ;-)
WRT NYC, That's not the correct question. The correct question is: what percentage of people in New York understand OR[1] contribute to some industry or process that's critical to US food security? That's a good question, and sounds difficult to answer with any specificity, so I stand by my original claim: "a lot".
[1] Mere understanding is sufficient here, because your claim was that farmers need a bigger electoral voice to ensure food security. My claim is that many people in cities understand what's necessary for a functioning agricultural system, and will vote accordingly (seeing as they like eating and all)
One hundred years ago maybe. Not today. And the Exxon scientist/Deere engineer is meant to be read in a prototypical way. The point is, modern food security depends on the proper functioning of a lage, inter-dependent system.
It would be pompous to claim that the average software/petro engineer understands farming better than a farmer. But I didn't make that claim. I made the claim that some of these folks understand a related industry that is as important to US food security as is the actual act of farming a particular piece of land.
I also provided concrete and specific ways in which Farmers rely on a larger social fabric and, in particular, engineering/scientific/financial expertise that tends to concentrate in large cities.
Instead of calling names, provide counter-points those concrete and specific dependencies. Explain how a modern modern farmer could do his work, in an economically and ecologically sustainable way, without those other industries.
Also, in addition to the dependencies I've already pointed out, I'll provide an actual counter-example to your claim. Plenty of countries with many more farmers per capita than the USA have far worse food security than the USA, even given excellent farmland. So clearly, farmers are only part of the story!
And also a counter-example in the other direction: plenty of countries that don't use insane gerrymandering to give a minority of voters out-sized political influence have excellent agricultural systems. So clearly, farmers don't need minority rule in order for a society to enjoy a stable agricultural sector.
So no, we are not going to starve if rural folks lose their ability to push policy on abortion and bathroom usage. Both rationally and empirically, the claims you're making about the supremacy of the farmer's vote don't hold up to observed reality.
> What they don't deserve to be is permanently dictated to because their profession requires that they live in less population dense areas.
That's true. But they also don't deserve more say because they live in a less dense area, which is what you were originally claiming.
And even if farmers did have some unique secret sauce understanding of the inter-connected system that ensures US food security, your argument still does not justify giving rural folks in general an out-sized voice in governance. You do not make the case that the average rural McDonalds employee should have more voting power than the average urban McDonalds employee. The proposition that your argument actually defends is that that (farm) land ownership/stewardship should determine voting power.
Ew.
Each person should have one vote, equally weighted, and without respect to geographic location. No?
> What percentage of people living in New York have worked a farm? I think you're pulling your conclusions out of thin air.
Well, New York has a lot of agriculture ;-)
WRT NYC, That's not the correct question. The correct question is: what percentage of people in New York understand OR[1] contribute to some industry or process that's critical to US food security? That's a good question, and sounds difficult to answer with any specificity, so I stand by my original claim: "a lot".
[1] Mere understanding is sufficient here, because your claim was that farmers need a bigger electoral voice to ensure food security. My claim is that many people in cities understand what's necessary for a functioning agricultural system, and will vote accordingly (seeing as they like eating and all)
While I get some of the merits of this method in the beginning, it really does subvert democracy.
"Los Angeles and New York get less proportional representation, just because many people choose to live there."
"What about the people of rural South Dakota, don't they get a vote?"
Absolutely they do.
Geographic systems are based on a flawed predicate. Democracy should be based on "1 person, 1 vote", not "1 square mile/foot, 1 vote".
"Los Angeles and New York get less proportional representation, just because many people choose to live there."
"What about the people of rural South Dakota, don't they get a vote?"
Absolutely they do.
Geographic systems are based on a flawed predicate. Democracy should be based on "1 person, 1 vote", not "1 square mile/foot, 1 vote".
If the legislature passes a bill that's unconstitutional, then it's up to the judicial branch to rectify that.
Tell me you go ahead and stick your hand in table saws because the safety interlocks will save you, and I’ll accept this statement as a justification for such undemocratic behavior.
Tell me you go ahead and stick your hand in table saws because the safety interlocks will save you, and I’ll accept this statement as a justification for such undemocratic behavior.
To quibble with your logic, if the legislature were to consistently pass laws that directly concerned the democratic process (i.e. voting) and those laws had to be overturned as unconstitutional, then their actions could certainly be construed as a disregard for the democratic process.
That another element of the democratic process (the courts) intervened to correct the legislature's disregard does not exonerate that disregard.
That another element of the democratic process (the courts) intervened to correct the legislature's disregard does not exonerate that disregard.
Then it's up to the people to elect different representatives that promise not to do that. That's democracy.
You don't get to blow up the system because it's not functioning how you want it to. You're supposed to work in the system. The judiciary is correctly functioning by declaring this gerrymandering unconstitutional.
You don't get to blow up the system because it's not functioning how you want it to. You're supposed to work in the system. The judiciary is correctly functioning by declaring this gerrymandering unconstitutional.
Then it's up to the people to elect different representatives that promise not to do that.
It sounds to me as though you have not fully internalized that gerrymandering – and other associated voter suppression tactics – are precisely designed to thwart the remedy you recommend here.
It sounds to me as though you have not fully internalized that gerrymandering – and other associated voter suppression tactics – are precisely designed to thwart the remedy you recommend here.
elect different representatives that promise not to do that
If that’s your response, I assess that you’ve either reached the point of supporting a narrative, or you don’t understand the impact of gerrymandering, which is specifically designed to work around this. You snarkily mentioned something was “U. S. government 101”, which it wasn’t, but gerrymandering they taught me in grade school.
If that’s your response, I assess that you’ve either reached the point of supporting a narrative, or you don’t understand the impact of gerrymandering, which is specifically designed to work around this. You snarkily mentioned something was “U. S. government 101”, which it wasn’t, but gerrymandering they taught me in grade school.
If the state is 50/50, why isn't the legislature? The whole point of the democratic process is for the lawmaking body to be representative of the people. One person, one vote. Gerrymandering undermines the very foundation of democracy.
> Even by county, which is what a non-gerrymandered legislature would look like
No, it's not; legislative districts must be equal size because of one-person-one-vote; counties very much are not equal size. What things look like by county has little to do with what a “non-gerrymandered” legislative map would look like (which isn't even a uniquely objectively answerable question, since while there are some clear established improper goals in districting, there's no single accepted standard for correct goals, so there is a very wide range of potential non-gerrymandered ways of districting, which produce very different maps.)
No, it's not; legislative districts must be equal size because of one-person-one-vote; counties very much are not equal size. What things look like by county has little to do with what a “non-gerrymandered” legislative map would look like (which isn't even a uniquely objectively answerable question, since while there are some clear established improper goals in districting, there's no single accepted standard for correct goals, so there is a very wide range of potential non-gerrymandered ways of districting, which produce very different maps.)
> If the legislature passes a bill that's unconstitutional, then it's up to the judicial branch to rectify that.
I don't really agree with that, nor do I think does the Constitution. The legislature may not pass laws which are inconsistent with the Constitution; the executive may not execute actions which are inconsistent with the Constitution and the law; the judicial may not render decisions which are inconsistent with (firstly) the Constitution and (secondly) the law.
As a practical matter this means that the judicial branch often is reviewing the law, but it doesn't absolve the other two branches of obeying their oaths of office.
I don't really agree with that, nor do I think does the Constitution. The legislature may not pass laws which are inconsistent with the Constitution; the executive may not execute actions which are inconsistent with the Constitution and the law; the judicial may not render decisions which are inconsistent with (firstly) the Constitution and (secondly) the law.
As a practical matter this means that the judicial branch often is reviewing the law, but it doesn't absolve the other two branches of obeying their oaths of office.
And who decides that the legistlature passed "laws which are inconsistent with the Constitution"?
The legislators themselves, as per the oath taken by every legislator in North Carolina, as noted in the NC State Constitution: Article 6, section 7.[1]
Sec. 7. Oath.
Before entering upon the duties of an office, a person elected or appointed to the office shall take and subscribe the following oath:
"I, _______________, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and maintain the Constitution and laws of the United States, and the Constitution and laws of North Carolina not inconsistent therewith, and that I will faithfully discharge the duties of my office as _______________, so help me God."
[1] https://www.ncleg.net/legislation/constitution/article6.html
Sec. 7. Oath.
Before entering upon the duties of an office, a person elected or appointed to the office shall take and subscribe the following oath:
"I, _______________, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and maintain the Constitution and laws of the United States, and the Constitution and laws of North Carolina not inconsistent therewith, and that I will faithfully discharge the duties of my office as _______________, so help me God."
[1] https://www.ncleg.net/legislation/constitution/article6.html
There should be sanction for violating one's oath. Legislators that directly undermine by the democratic process by gerrymandering and other means should be removed from office.
Likewise, who decides if the judicial branch has rendered decisions which are inconsistent with the Constitution?
It's turtles all the way down: the legislature's laws are reviewed by judges or ignored by the executive; judges & members of the executive branch may be impeached by the legislature; ultimately the voters decide what they're willing to let their government get away with.
It's turtles all the way down: the legislature's laws are reviewed by judges or ignored by the executive; judges & members of the executive branch may be impeached by the legislature; ultimately the voters decide what they're willing to let their government get away with.
Total nonsense. While it's true that in a liberal democracy the judiciary is supposed to be a check against the power of the legislative and executive branches, its mere existence doesn't give them carte blanche to ignore basic principles of sound democracy.
These people are representatives. They are supposed to represent the interests of all their constituents. Deliberately redrawing the electoral map in an attempt to help voters only of their own party is a gross violation of basic democratic norms. It is putting party before country in the worst possible way.
These people are representatives. They are supposed to represent the interests of all their constituents. Deliberately redrawing the electoral map in an attempt to help voters only of their own party is a gross violation of basic democratic norms. It is putting party before country in the worst possible way.
All political systems with a modicum of success, including ours, have worked to align interests without relying on a moral compass. Magnetic north tends to wobble quite a bit more in politics. The idea of our republic is that the only responsibility of people would be to elect congressmen they feel will represent them, or continue doing so. And similarly, to not reelect people that do not represent them. This thus coerces representatives into representing the people for fear of finding themselves without seat come next election campaign.
That this has failed is in fault a part of the system, but largely our own fault. You can see this very thread degenerating into partisanship. And this partisanship ensures that representatives don't actually need to worry about representing the people that put them into office. All they need to do is make the people scared enough of the alternative that they'll vote against their self interest 'because it's better than the alternative.' The most recent election was quite a radical example, which I suspect will only get more extreme in elections to come. How many people genuinely felt Hillary was the sort of person that would truly represent them and their beliefs? How many people voted for her because they were terrified instead of Trump? And vice versa for those that voted for Trump and their terror of Clinton as opposed to those voting with belief Trump would effectively represent them?
It's also the same reason our 'representatives' pander left and right to corporations and special interests. We do a pretty awful job at being swayed by anything resembling merit, but massive advertising, attack ads, and other stuff is what really gets us going. Corporations and special interests provide the "donations" to fund those campaigns. The average voter does not. They simply go out and emotionally, or tribally, cast their votes, get their sticker and 6 pack, and go home and root for their team like a sports game - much to the benefit of the 'players.'
That this has failed is in fault a part of the system, but largely our own fault. You can see this very thread degenerating into partisanship. And this partisanship ensures that representatives don't actually need to worry about representing the people that put them into office. All they need to do is make the people scared enough of the alternative that they'll vote against their self interest 'because it's better than the alternative.' The most recent election was quite a radical example, which I suspect will only get more extreme in elections to come. How many people genuinely felt Hillary was the sort of person that would truly represent them and their beliefs? How many people voted for her because they were terrified instead of Trump? And vice versa for those that voted for Trump and their terror of Clinton as opposed to those voting with belief Trump would effectively represent them?
It's also the same reason our 'representatives' pander left and right to corporations and special interests. We do a pretty awful job at being swayed by anything resembling merit, but massive advertising, attack ads, and other stuff is what really gets us going. Corporations and special interests provide the "donations" to fund those campaigns. The average voter does not. They simply go out and emotionally, or tribally, cast their votes, get their sticker and 6 pack, and go home and root for their team like a sports game - much to the benefit of the 'players.'
> All political systems with a modicum of success, including ours, have worked to align interests without relying on a moral compass.
I would agree with most of what you said, particularly your diagnosis of the dysfunctions of the US system, but this part simply isn't true. There are plenty of successful democracies (almost all in central and northern Europe, admittedly) where political partisanship exists within a moral framework, and politicians adhere to certain moral and democratic norms, even when it is against their immediate interests to do so.
I think it's easy to overgeneralise the problems of the closest example to hand as being representative of all, and being fundamental and unavoidable limitations of human nature. But there are always counter-examples. There are always places where government actually delivers to people, and where the political system avoids the worst systemic dysfunctions that plague other regimes.
I'm not sure the US will ever reform its political system to achieve the same results, but, at the very least, we shouldn't let politicians (and the people who elect them) off the hook for underperforming vs. what we know is possible.
I would agree with most of what you said, particularly your diagnosis of the dysfunctions of the US system, but this part simply isn't true. There are plenty of successful democracies (almost all in central and northern Europe, admittedly) where political partisanship exists within a moral framework, and politicians adhere to certain moral and democratic norms, even when it is against their immediate interests to do so.
I think it's easy to overgeneralise the problems of the closest example to hand as being representative of all, and being fundamental and unavoidable limitations of human nature. But there are always counter-examples. There are always places where government actually delivers to people, and where the political system avoids the worst systemic dysfunctions that plague other regimes.
I'm not sure the US will ever reform its political system to achieve the same results, but, at the very least, we shouldn't let politicians (and the people who elect them) off the hook for underperforming vs. what we know is possible.
Most of the democracies of which you're referencing use proportional voting systems often paired with a parliamentary system. That system in particular makes it phenomenally easy to replace politicians and tends to work most effectively as a coercive device against bad behavior. The reason for this is that it minimizes the necessity of strategic voting.
In the US it doesn't matter if the #1 candidate only got 10% of the vote. As long as the #2 candidate got less than 10%, then #1 gets 100% of the seats and political power. Because of this, voters have to factor in the insidious 'electability' into their decisions. Fewer people than ever identify as republican or democrat, yet they retain very near 100% of seats at all levels. This is what I was alluding to when mentioning that part of the problem is our system. Compare this to a proportional system where if there are 10 seats available then gaining at least 10% of the vote, in general, tends to guarantee you representation. This makes strategic voting much less of a concern. Even the 'Pirate Party' has managed to win representation in a variety of nations similar to those you allude to.
And for the sake of brevity, I'll omit more precise discussion of population size and diversity here. But those factors need also be considered. Compared to the nations you're mentioning, the US is huge and incredibly diverse. Democracy is redundant in populations where views tend to remain fairly similar throughout as any action would tend to be the will of all. On the other end, in a nation where everybody held views often mutually exclusive, democracy would be dysfunctional at best as any action would please one group to the offense of all the rest. Of course every nation's reality lay somewhere between the opposite extremes, but where the nations you describe may lay closer to one end, I suspect the US lays closer to the other.
In the US it doesn't matter if the #1 candidate only got 10% of the vote. As long as the #2 candidate got less than 10%, then #1 gets 100% of the seats and political power. Because of this, voters have to factor in the insidious 'electability' into their decisions. Fewer people than ever identify as republican or democrat, yet they retain very near 100% of seats at all levels. This is what I was alluding to when mentioning that part of the problem is our system. Compare this to a proportional system where if there are 10 seats available then gaining at least 10% of the vote, in general, tends to guarantee you representation. This makes strategic voting much less of a concern. Even the 'Pirate Party' has managed to win representation in a variety of nations similar to those you allude to.
And for the sake of brevity, I'll omit more precise discussion of population size and diversity here. But those factors need also be considered. Compared to the nations you're mentioning, the US is huge and incredibly diverse. Democracy is redundant in populations where views tend to remain fairly similar throughout as any action would tend to be the will of all. On the other end, in a nation where everybody held views often mutually exclusive, democracy would be dysfunctional at best as any action would please one group to the offense of all the rest. Of course every nation's reality lay somewhere between the opposite extremes, but where the nations you describe may lay closer to one end, I suspect the US lays closer to the other.
Would you please stop posting political rants to HN? Assuming you're 100% right, it doesn't justify the damage of taking HN threads into flamewar red. Moreover such discussions are always all the same, which means they don't gratify intellectual curiosity, which means they're off topic here.
It's complicated, of course, when the topic is itself politicized. But it's possible—and because possible, necessary—to discuss it without getting either generic or uncivil.
You've posted some excellent comments but I also see quite a few in which you've taken swipes at the person or comment you're replying to. That's against the rules here. We have these rules because of long experience with what fosters discussion quality and what degrades it. If you'd read https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html and take the spirit of this site to heart going forward, we'd really appreciate it.
It's complicated, of course, when the topic is itself politicized. But it's possible—and because possible, necessary—to discuss it without getting either generic or uncivil.
You've posted some excellent comments but I also see quite a few in which you've taken swipes at the person or comment you're replying to. That's against the rules here. We have these rules because of long experience with what fosters discussion quality and what degrades it. If you'd read https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html and take the spirit of this site to heart going forward, we'd really appreciate it.
I'm sure I've crossed the line into personal swipes before — who hasn't, at one time or another? I get emotional about this stuff because I care about it, and I'll admit it angers me to see people spreading ideas that I consider not just wrong, but dangerously so. When that happens, its difficult to respond like some perfect critical-thinking debate bot.
But I'm somewhat baffled that you consider what I posted in this case a "rant". Fair enough, saying "total nonsense" was probably unnecessary, but it is still a comment on the quality of the argument, not upon the person, and as such seems to be within the rules. As for the rest, what exactly is uncivil about it? I absolutely would make these same arguments face-to-face if somebody made the original argument. In fact, I'd be probably be rather less civil about it in person.
I consider the post I responded to to be spreading a genuinely dangerous idea. Such ideas need to be rebutted, and, practically speaking, the force of the rhetoric needs to be increased commensurate with the dangerousness of the idea, in order to avoid giving an impression of false equivalence between it and other, more harmless ones. If it isn't commensurate, then surely that is what the community moderation is for? But in this case you seem to have acted unilaterally to hide my post.
I'm all for HN to be a bastion of constructive discussion. But that shouldn't be an excuse to allow toxic ideas to go unchallenged, or to be treated with a degree of respect that they do not deserve. The failure of intellectuals to vigorously contest destructive ideas, confining their criticism to a passionless and academic vernacular, has been a recurring historical problem. In the long term, it contributes directly to the rise of situations and movements that curtail any debate, anodyne or otherwise.
HN does not exist in a political vacuum. The type of discussion you say you want to foster is only possible because of a set of political principles and circumstances that are by no means "normal", historically speaking. Failing to defend those principles, or censoring those who do, helps those who would destroy them, and will harm HN eventually.
But I'm somewhat baffled that you consider what I posted in this case a "rant". Fair enough, saying "total nonsense" was probably unnecessary, but it is still a comment on the quality of the argument, not upon the person, and as such seems to be within the rules. As for the rest, what exactly is uncivil about it? I absolutely would make these same arguments face-to-face if somebody made the original argument. In fact, I'd be probably be rather less civil about it in person.
I consider the post I responded to to be spreading a genuinely dangerous idea. Such ideas need to be rebutted, and, practically speaking, the force of the rhetoric needs to be increased commensurate with the dangerousness of the idea, in order to avoid giving an impression of false equivalence between it and other, more harmless ones. If it isn't commensurate, then surely that is what the community moderation is for? But in this case you seem to have acted unilaterally to hide my post.
I'm all for HN to be a bastion of constructive discussion. But that shouldn't be an excuse to allow toxic ideas to go unchallenged, or to be treated with a degree of respect that they do not deserve. The failure of intellectuals to vigorously contest destructive ideas, confining their criticism to a passionless and academic vernacular, has been a recurring historical problem. In the long term, it contributes directly to the rise of situations and movements that curtail any debate, anodyne or otherwise.
HN does not exist in a political vacuum. The type of discussion you say you want to foster is only possible because of a set of political principles and circumstances that are by no means "normal", historically speaking. Failing to defend those principles, or censoring those who do, helps those who would destroy them, and will harm HN eventually.
Do you have any idea how many laws have been overturned because they were unconstitutional? It's U.S. Government 101.
Would you please not do flamewars on Hacker News? especially political flamewars? We're hoping for something different here.
https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html
https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html
>Do you have any idea how many laws have been overturned because they were unconstitutional? It's U.S. Government 101.
What you're missing is that the laws being overturned here are themselves directly concerned with the democratic process.
What you're missing is that the laws being overturned here are themselves directly concerned with the democratic process.
Are you surprised that the legislature creates laws about how the democracy functions? What do you think a constitutional amendment is?
Well, constitutional amendments aren't laws, for a start.
Yes, the Constitution is the Supreme Law of the Land, and amendments to that law are themselves laws.
They aren't statutes, which are a lesser and more-common form of law.
They aren't statutes, which are a lesser and more-common form of law.
>Are you surprised that the legislature creates laws about how the democracy functions?
You seem to be deliberately missing the point.
You seem to be deliberately missing the point.
Please don't do flamewars on Hacker News.
https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html
https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html
I didn't. At least, I don't believe I did.
The GP was consistently ignoring the salient point that I and others repeatedly made; instead pursuing the same line of attack as if we hadn't pointed out the inconsistency.
Hence, it seemed to me that he was not interested in engaging in honest dialogue, so I pointed to his approach to the discussion. There was no personal attack.
The GP was consistently ignoring the salient point that I and others repeatedly made; instead pursuing the same line of attack as if we hadn't pointed out the inconsistency.
Hence, it seemed to me that he was not interested in engaging in honest dialogue, so I pointed to his approach to the discussion. There was no personal attack.
538 has recently produced a podcast series† that dives quite deeply into the question of gerrymandering. I found it really insightful and helpful in understanding a lot of the issues involved. They address North Carolina in particular‡, as well as Wisconsin, California, Arizona, among others. I've come away with a much deeper understanding, from a variety of perspectives.
† https://fivethirtyeight.com/tag/the-gerrymandering-project/
‡ https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/is-gerrymandering-the-b...
† https://fivethirtyeight.com/tag/the-gerrymandering-project/
‡ https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/is-gerrymandering-the-b...
So I saw one discussion where someone pointed out that gerrymandered districts tend to backfire spectacularly. Basically as soon as there is any meaningful shift in population, the districts that were carefully crafted to be safe for a specific party flip overnight with little warning. It's a thing you do to win short term gains, but you can't keep doing it over and over.
It's also a great example of politicians choosing their voters. If we are going for this system, why not just do a state-wide popular vote election and choose the top N people as winners?
Also, gerrymandering seems responsible for the candidates sliding further into extremism. Basically if you run in a freshly created district that you are reasonably sure will go to your party, your real competition isn't the Dem/Rep who is running against you. It's your opponents in the primary. So if you are a Democrat running against a Republican in a close to 50/50 split, you might be compelled to become more centrist to steal some votes. But if you are only concerned about the primaries, you will try to be the Democratiest Democrat ever.
It's also a great example of politicians choosing their voters. If we are going for this system, why not just do a state-wide popular vote election and choose the top N people as winners?
Also, gerrymandering seems responsible for the candidates sliding further into extremism. Basically if you run in a freshly created district that you are reasonably sure will go to your party, your real competition isn't the Dem/Rep who is running against you. It's your opponents in the primary. So if you are a Democrat running against a Republican in a close to 50/50 split, you might be compelled to become more centrist to steal some votes. But if you are only concerned about the primaries, you will try to be the Democratiest Democrat ever.
> It's a thing you do to win short term gains, but you can't keep doing it over and over.
They redraw the map every 10 years, and they do do it over and over.
Sure, sometimes demos shift, but even then it's a crap shoot as to whether enough people move, and if those people move in are of a different party.
> state-wide popular vote election
That's party-list proportional representation. It's done in many countries, but not in the U.S. or countries of the British Commonwealth. Any U.S. state could decide to adopt it though...
They redraw the map every 10 years, and they do do it over and over.
Sure, sometimes demos shift, but even then it's a crap shoot as to whether enough people move, and if those people move in are of a different party.
> state-wide popular vote election
That's party-list proportional representation. It's done in many countries, but not in the U.S. or countries of the British Commonwealth. Any U.S. state could decide to adopt it though...
Feels like we need to get away from geographic based representation at the state level. In a hypothetical state where voters of parties are evenly distributed geographically we would end up with the majority party always winning anyway no matter how the district lines are drawn. This feels like the end goal of gerrymandering -- it's just that since party voters aren't distributed evenly geographically they need to draw odd districts to get the desired distributions.
Switching to a system where as a state we pick based on party representation or as a whole pick N candidates (something like they do in parts of Europe I believe) seems preferable and renders gerrymandering ineffective because there are no districts to draw. Hopefully we'd get representation based on the voters being represented with this style of system.
Switching to a system where as a state we pick based on party representation or as a whole pick N candidates (something like they do in parts of Europe I believe) seems preferable and renders gerrymandering ineffective because there are no districts to draw. Hopefully we'd get representation based on the voters being represented with this style of system.
Party list systems reward party insiders you don't get a direct say in who represents you which is the down side.
The important thing is to allow ranked voting, which would help with the current duopoly in US politics.
And of course drawing lines on a map rarely helps with fairness.
And of course drawing lines on a map rarely helps with fairness.
There has to be some limit. I don't think it's reasonable to expect Californians to rank every competitor for 53 seats.
Regarding the last two paragraphs of the article, what is the typical way that past presidents are meant to be addressed? Contrast the curt 'Mr. Obama' with President Jimmy Carter and President George W. Bush.
>In addition to Judge Wynn, an appointee of Mr. Obama’s, Senior Judge W. Earl Britt of the Federal District Court in Raleigh joined the opinion. Judge Britt was appointed by President Jimmy Carter.
>Judge William L. Osteen Jr., who was appointed by President George W. Bush and sits on the federal bench in Greensboro, said he agreed that the existing map violated the 14th Amendment, but he disputed other parts of Judge Wynn’s opinion, including the decision to appoint an independent expert to begin preparing an alternative map.
>In addition to Judge Wynn, an appointee of Mr. Obama’s, Senior Judge W. Earl Britt of the Federal District Court in Raleigh joined the opinion. Judge Britt was appointed by President Jimmy Carter.
>Judge William L. Osteen Jr., who was appointed by President George W. Bush and sits on the federal bench in Greensboro, said he agreed that the existing map violated the 14th Amendment, but he disputed other parts of Judge Wynn’s opinion, including the decision to appoint an independent expert to begin preparing an alternative map.
That is typical NY Times style. The first time someone is named, they are named in full. You'll notice Obama is named earlier in the article:
> President Trump carried North Carolina in 2016, but the state elected a Democrat as its governor on the same day and in 2008 supported President Barack Obama.
All subsequent mentions of someone in an NY Times article are typically "Mr./Mrs. ______".
> President Trump carried North Carolina in 2016, but the state elected a Democrat as its governor on the same day and in 2008 supported President Barack Obama.
All subsequent mentions of someone in an NY Times article are typically "Mr./Mrs. ______".
It's the second time they reference him in the article. The first time he's referenced as President Barack Obama.
It's also done to involved Republican (and presumably white) politicians on their subsequent mentions in the article.
It's also done to involved Republican (and presumably white) politicians on their subsequent mentions in the article.
'President' is proper and correct.
I think it's more appropriate to only refer to someone by his current position, not by his former positions: President Trump, Secretary Tillerson, Senator Warren — but Mr. Obama, Mr. Bush, Mrs. Clinton &c.
America is a republic, not a monarchy or aristocracy: titles are for a limited duration, not for life.
America is a republic, not a monarchy or aristocracy: titles are for a limited duration, not for life.
You may think that, but it is not how things work. Politicians are formally addressed according to current office or the highest office they held at any point in the past if not a current office holder. Probably a silly convention, but it is what it is. (ordering is Representative < Senator < (ambassador or cabinet secretary) < SC justice < VP or President)
Emily Post disagrees: http://emilypost.com/advice/addressing-a-former-president-of...
Robert Hickey also: http://www.formsofaddress.info/FOA_president_US_former.html
Miss Manners too: https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1030916.html
Robert Hickey also: http://www.formsofaddress.info/FOA_president_US_former.html
Miss Manners too: https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1030916.html
I personally agree, but that would require a culture shift.
I find it problematic that it is used inconsistently - all presidents other than Obama keep their titles for life.
Maybe only white presidents keep their title for life? I’d rather see that disparity tackled first, whether that means everyone keeps their title or no one.
I find it problematic that it is used inconsistently - all presidents other than Obama keep their titles for life.
Maybe only white presidents keep their title for life? I’d rather see that disparity tackled first, whether that means everyone keeps their title or no one.
See the other comments for the real, benign, explanation.
This also seems to be a good occasion to encourage people to work from an assumption of good faith.
It's especially fitting considering this is the New York Times, a publication that, even if it were racist (which it is not), would probably be smart enough not to let it shine through in the most obvious way possible.
This also seems to be a good occasion to encourage people to work from an assumption of good faith.
It's especially fitting considering this is the New York Times, a publication that, even if it were racist (which it is not), would probably be smart enough not to let it shine through in the most obvious way possible.
[deleted]
Is there a particular standard used to determine that a given map is considered gerrymandered? Or is it like porn, i.e., you know it when you see it?
> Is there a particular standard...?
Rather than seeking to advance any democratic or
constitutional interest, the state legislator
responsible for drawing the 2016 Plan said
he drew the map to advantage Republican
candidates because he “think[s] electing
Republicans is better than electing Democrats.”
Ex. 1016, at 34:21–23. But that is not a
choice the Constitution allows legislative
mapdrawers to make.
That's the million dollar question, and it's likely to be the end point of the SCOTUS discussion on the matter.
https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/gerrymandering-is-on-tr...
> In a 2004 opinion, [Justice Anthony Kennedy] expressed alarm at the practice of extreme partisan gerrymandering but said the court should hold off on outlawing it. He also left the door open to ruling differently in the future, as long as lawyers provided a suitable way to measure when gerrymandering goes too far. He said that without that measurement, the court runs the risk of becoming too involved in a decision-making process that is legally mandated to state legislatures.
https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/gerrymandering-is-on-tr...
> In a 2004 opinion, [Justice Anthony Kennedy] expressed alarm at the practice of extreme partisan gerrymandering but said the court should hold off on outlawing it. He also left the door open to ruling differently in the future, as long as lawyers provided a suitable way to measure when gerrymandering goes too far. He said that without that measurement, the court runs the risk of becoming too involved in a decision-making process that is legally mandated to state legislatures.
Nothing official, but people are working on quantifying it. https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2017/politics/courts... Even if it's not perfect, it's useful to point out the most egregious cases.
As you might imagine, it is possible to consider this as a purely mathematical problem and to thereby come up with measures of gerrymandered-ness. It is a widely studied field. e.g.:
https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/bitstream/h...
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Matthew_Dube/publicatio...
https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/bitstream/h...
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Matthew_Dube/publicatio...
The reason it's so fascinating though, is that because it is a many-variable optimization problem where 1) many of the variables conflict and 2) we haven't actually agreed on the desired optimum. In the end it still very much has a "you know it when you see it" quality, and nobody has come up with math that definitively says "yes this is" or "no this isn't".
Actually, it's maybe a little like spam filtering.
Actually, it's maybe a little like spam filtering.
it would be relatively trivial to simulate a null distribution -- generate 10^n quasi-random maps which then give you the null distribution of voters across districts. Compare that null distribution with an actual map and if it sits beyond the x-th percentile you can call it 'gerrymandered'.
The typical standard is "are Democrats disadvantaged by this?" If so, gerrymandering.
It seems crazy that we elect representatives based on geography. Can't we elect representatives based on some other grouping? Why is there an assumption that my interests are aligned with people in geographic proximity to me?
Because many of the expenses are localized... Roads, schools, extra sales tax, etc. are all things that a geographically dense group may decide differently from another. Representatives for San Francisco rightly understand that we have different priorities from say the people of Fresno. I understand it's probably not the primary key for how you or I think, but it is a fairly reasonable approximation for spending policies.
That is an argument for local government not for how we elect our representatives to a national body. Do we really want representatives pulling spending to a particular geographic region? It seems to me that people in San Francisco have more in common with people in New York than people in Fresno. Even cities may not be appropriate to divide up the population. Maybe we should divide representation by occupation, education level, or wealth. After all geography is mostly just a proxy for wealth.
A good first step would be proportional representation.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representation
A good first step would be proportional representation.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representation
"proportional representation" is just another libertarian pipe-dream. Much better to be realistic and accept that there's not going to be a radical change in the mechanisms of how we are represented in government.
The best thing we can do to address gerrymandering is to keep partisans from coming up with zany voting districts which are optimized strictly for their own political benefit.
Cities aren't dead yet. It still makes sense to divide carve out districts according to population centers and geography.
The best thing we can do to address gerrymandering is to keep partisans from coming up with zany voting districts which are optimized strictly for their own political benefit.
Cities aren't dead yet. It still makes sense to divide carve out districts according to population centers and geography.
This is literally the reason we have a bicameral legislature. One represents the state, the other represents the local populations.
That's not true. We have a bicameral legislature because the smaller colonies negotiated for it at the start of the Union as a way to increase their power (smaller population -> Senate gives disproportionate power), at a time where the People were largely ignored and the balance of power was among the aristocrats.
Because 200 years ago, when travel and communication was more difficult, this was a reasonable assumption. The problem is that these systems are resistant to change and thus will always be stuck in the past.
Historically this was to ensure that rural areas had equivalent representation to urban centers. Agricultural areas, for example, might have very different opinions about tariffs on foreign products because it would effect their livelihoods in a significant way whereas the city dwellers probably wouldn't notice too much.
Our lives and our industries are tied to the land we live on. It's not just rural and urban: there's coastal and landlocked, desert and forest, tropical and arctic, etc. Each of these areas have unique concerns when it comes to policies that effect their land and the industries that their land lends itself to.
Our lives and our industries are tied to the land we live on. It's not just rural and urban: there's coastal and landlocked, desert and forest, tropical and arctic, etc. Each of these areas have unique concerns when it comes to policies that effect their land and the industries that their land lends itself to.
Not equivalent, but superior representation. Rural minorities outvote urban majorities due to the bias in the electoral college / Senate model.
[deleted]
Because without local representation, the representatives will almost always be from wealthy urban centers, and the only time they'll ever be out into communities that need their representation is for photo shoots.
Representatives are always from wealth centers in the status quo.
There's a difference between being from a wealthy neighborhood and being from a wealthy city a couple of hundred miles away. The local guy still has to travel through the rest of his district.
President George Bush of Connecticut was governor of Texas
Hillary Clinton of Arkansas was Senator for New York.
A couple-hundred miles is nothing for a modern carbetbagger.
Hillary Clinton of Arkansas was Senator for New York.
A couple-hundred miles is nothing for a modern carbetbagger.
... Bush's primary residence was in Texas as of the 1970s.
We're talking about state reps here, so moving the goalposts doesn't help you. State reps are usually representatives of a couple of towns and some land. They aren't senators or governors. You can't adequately represent people at that level if you aren't around them and never meet them.
We're talking about state reps here, so moving the goalposts doesn't help you. State reps are usually representatives of a couple of towns and some land. They aren't senators or governors. You can't adequately represent people at that level if you aren't around them and never meet them.
When you live in the country your concerns are a lot different that when you live in the city. It makes sense that each would have their own representative.
This is more or less what corporativism suggests, that geography really doesn't make much sense as a grouping parameter. Corporatism suggests grouping people in a voting area by occupation, usually by way of guilds or unions or the like.
Specifics aside, I fully agree that I'm much more likely to have something in common with a software developer across the state than the school-teacher next door.
Specifics aside, I fully agree that I'm much more likely to have something in common with a software developer across the state than the school-teacher next door.
> Can't we elect representatives based on some other grouping?
Grouping by geography forces people to segregate and fight against other tribes instead of integrate with broader to society.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_flight
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_flight
What other grouping would you propose?
So I’ve got a question for you legal scholars. If it’s unconstitutional does that mean the people behind it broke laws or is this simply the court citing why the map was rejected?
These cases are civil, not criminal. Losing such a case does not by itself imply "guilt" in the criminal sense, nor does it carry the stigma attached to a criminal conviction.
And even though in the US such cases are often addressed to a single official, they ate sued in their professional capability. That means their legal bills, and any monetary judgements, are paid by the government.
All that doesn't preclude voters to draw their own conclusions. But you would have to look at every case individually: this case is pretty obvious, and it fits well with the existing narrative of the Republican party cutting corners to subvert basic mechanisms of democracy. But even actions that are well-intentioned and completely benign in their effects will occasionally be struck down by the courts when, for example, they are enacted by an agency when the courts believe legislative action is required.
And even though in the US such cases are often addressed to a single official, they ate sued in their professional capability. That means their legal bills, and any monetary judgements, are paid by the government.
All that doesn't preclude voters to draw their own conclusions. But you would have to look at every case individually: this case is pretty obvious, and it fits well with the existing narrative of the Republican party cutting corners to subvert basic mechanisms of democracy. But even actions that are well-intentioned and completely benign in their effects will occasionally be struck down by the courts when, for example, they are enacted by an agency when the courts believe legislative action is required.
Taking an official action that is then ruled unconstitutional is typically not a criminal violation, though sometimes a criminal statute is enacted to further protect constitutional rights (e.g., 18 U.S.C. § 243 makes it a federal crime to exclude jurors on the basis of race or color).
While DailyKos isn't exactly an unbiased source, I did find the maps shown in their article to help illustrate the issue well.
https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2016/10/27/1579905/-These-t...
https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2016/10/27/1579905/-These-t...
Born and raised in NC: Can't say I am surprised.
Here's a link to the actual opinion, which is pretty interesting if you're into political history and constitutional law: http://electionlawblog.org/wp-content/uploads/rucho-opinion....
As an outsider, two observations:
1. Letting politicians determine electorate boundaries is just a dumb idea. Who thought that could possibly work?
2. Non-proportional representation belongs in the age of horses and telegrams.
1. Letting politicians determine electorate boundaries is just a dumb idea. Who thought that could possibly work?
2. Non-proportional representation belongs in the age of horses and telegrams.
>Who thought that could possibly work?
The politicians that voted it into law, of course.
The politicians that voted it into law, of course.
To be fair, gerrymandering has been practiced by both parties for centuries. But the NC case was particularly egregious.
Cool politics!
https://www.cmu.edu/news/stories/archives/2017/november/i-cu...