CGA in 1024 Colors – A New Mode: The Illustrated Guide (2015)(int10h.org)
int10h.org
CGA in 1024 Colors – A New Mode: The Illustrated Guide (2015)
https://int10h.org/blog/2015/04/cga-in-1024-colors-new-mode-illustrated/
69 comments
My favourite example of this is /dev/tty, where "tty" means Teletype, a technology which predates computers entirely: four of the control characters in ASCII have existed, with their current numeric values, since 1901.
Personally my favorite has to be the "lp0 on fire" error message that stuck around until fairly recently. The origin of that message is from around the time of the early laser printers.
Laser printers have a small oven built in to melt the toner onto the page called a fuser. On modern printers that only gets turned on right before use. On the early models the warm up and cool down times were much longer so the fuser would both turn on earlier and take much longer to get back to a room temperature. Those things combined ment that a paper jam could very easily turn into a fire. In fact if the jam detection was having an off-day it could turn into a conveniently paper-stoked fire.
Of course there's no real way to detect if a paper jam is the fire causing kind or not remotely so any paper jam would tell you the printer is on fire, just in case it actually is.
In short: Early laser printers came with a fire extinguisher included in the sale price for a good reason.
Laser printers have a small oven built in to melt the toner onto the page called a fuser. On modern printers that only gets turned on right before use. On the early models the warm up and cool down times were much longer so the fuser would both turn on earlier and take much longer to get back to a room temperature. Those things combined ment that a paper jam could very easily turn into a fire. In fact if the jam detection was having an off-day it could turn into a conveniently paper-stoked fire.
Of course there's no real way to detect if a paper jam is the fire causing kind or not remotely so any paper jam would tell you the printer is on fire, just in case it actually is.
In short: Early laser printers came with a fire extinguisher included in the sale price for a good reason.
The ISA bus, that came with the IBM PC/AT, is still there in modern machines, although there aren't any ISA slots left.
Here it is on a brand new Threadripper machine:
Here it is on a brand new Threadripper machine:
$ lspci | grep ISA
00:14.3 ISA bridge: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD] FCH LPC Bridge (rev 51)ATX -- the most common motherboard configuration -- also has its roots in the IBM AT.
The PC motherboard form factors were:
1981: PC
1983: XT - more slots, closer together
1984: AT - 16 bit slots, taller cards
1985: Baby AT - eliminated the large non slot area
1987: PS/2 - changed most things, only keyboard/mouse and VGA connectors were adopted
1995: ATX - rotated Baby AT 90 degrees so tall components wouldn't interfere with cards
1997 and later: many ATX variations, BTX, ITX and so on
1981: PC
1983: XT - more slots, closer together
1984: AT - 16 bit slots, taller cards
1985: Baby AT - eliminated the large non slot area
1987: PS/2 - changed most things, only keyboard/mouse and VGA connectors were adopted
1995: ATX - rotated Baby AT 90 degrees so tall components wouldn't interfere with cards
1997 and later: many ATX variations, BTX, ITX and so on
The evolution of the communication that goes over those wires is really fascinating in its own right, and worth a read! :D
https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/144561/in-what-sens...
https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/144561/in-what-sens...
btw, smiled when I saw the domain of their site.
Back in high school I used to spend way too much time playing with mode 13h. I used turbo pascal which allowed some inline assembly syntax [1], so one would initialize the 320x200x256color mode like:
Such a time sink... :-)
1: http://archive.gamedev.net/archive/reference/articles/articl...
2: http://www.brackeen.com/vga/bitmaps.html
Back in high school I used to spend way too much time playing with mode 13h. I used turbo pascal which allowed some inline assembly syntax [1], so one would initialize the 320x200x256color mode like:
BEGIN
asm
mov ax, 13h
int 10h
end;
END;
Procedure Putpixel (X, Y : Integer; Col : Byte);
BEGIN
VgaMem [X + (Y * 320)] := Col;
END;
Such a time sink... :-)
1: http://archive.gamedev.net/archive/reference/articles/articl...
2: http://www.brackeen.com/vga/bitmaps.html
8088 was the second cpu i coded assembler/machinecode on, and mode 13 was naturally my favorite mode until fatter graphic adapters came around, but let's not forget that this was actually achieved in mode 4, if my memory serves me well. Mind blown.
Ahhh, sweet memories.
I find this kind of work interesting and important because, just like old CGA monitors, our own bodies are also a type of hardware that we have little ability to upgrade. Imagine finding hacks similar to this which would allow the human body to perceive things outside of what it's built to perceive.
> Late in his life, Claude Monet developed cataracts. As his lenses degraded, they blocked parts of the visible spectrum, and the colors he perceived grew muddy. Monet's cataracts left him struggling to paint; he complained to friends that he felt as if he saw everything in a fog. After years of failed treatments, he agreed at age 82 to have the lens of his left eye completely removed. Light could now stream through the opening unimpeded. Monet could now see familiar colors again. And he could also see colors he had never seen before. Monet began to see - and to paint - in ultraviolet.
https://www.downloadtheuniverse.com/dtu/2012/04/monets-ultra...
https://www.downloadtheuniverse.com/dtu/2012/04/monets-ultra...
I must admit I have never thought of Monet as a Cyborg Enhanced Superman - but that has changed today, thank you; the site itself also looks quite interesting!
I was born with cataracts in both eyes. One was removed when I was a toddler (including the lens), and the other (with better vision) was left alone until I was a teenager at which point I got an artificial lens implant. I can't see ultraviolet out of my eye without a lens as far as I can tell (or maybe I can and just never noticed).
You might be able to see a difference in flowers. Many flowers have markings that usually only bees are able to see.
https://photographyoftheinvisibleworld.blogspot.com/2012_05_...
https://photographyoftheinvisibleworld.blogspot.com/2012_05_...
It would be a very subtle tweak to your blue perception. UV sensitivity is quite low even without the lens filtering it out.
As cool as accidental historical biohacking is, I think the Monet-UV hypothesis should be taken with a grain of salt.
As cool as accidental historical biohacking is, I think the Monet-UV hypothesis should be taken with a grain of salt.
The argument in favor of it is that Monet was an exceptional trained painter, and one specialized in colors on top of that. He might have been extra sensitive to colors compared to most humans (both in the sense of biological sensory sensitivity, as well as trained ability to perceive colors).
It is possible, if somewhat unlikely, for men to also be tetrachromats.
Color vision is encoded on the X-chromosome, right? And human tetrachromatocy depends on having two X-chromosomes with different color vision genes[0]. So wouldn't a hypothetical tetrachromatic male need to be an XX-chromosome male[1], and on top of that have one of the X-chromosomes carrying the deutanomaly, protanomaly or tritanomaly mutation, and on top of that have this mixture manifest itself as having four color receptors instead of three? Or is there another theoretical way that I'm missing?
If my educated guess is correct then "somewhat unlikely" seems like quite an understatement to me! :D
(I have protanomaly myself, and never considered that men could hypothetically be tetrachormats as well. This was a fun through exercise)
[0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrachromacy#Humans
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_male_syndrome
If my educated guess is correct then "somewhat unlikely" seems like quite an understatement to me! :D
(I have protanomaly myself, and never considered that men could hypothetically be tetrachormats as well. This was a fun through exercise)
[0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrachromacy#Humans
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_male_syndrome
Myself, I've had ICL surgery (Implantable Collamer Lens) as vision correction in both eyes (I wasn't a good candidate for Lasik). With it includes 100% UVA/UVB blocking. It's basically a permanent contact lens implanted behind the iris and in front of the the natural lens. So, sadly, no ultrahuman UV vision for me. My only "bionic" ability is saving my natural lens and retina from UV exposure.
I bet your eyes do a cool robotic ‘shine’ when viewed in some lights (eg. in a dark room with a diffuse light behind the viewer) though.
I dobt know if other people can see it looking at my eyes, but on certain low light conditions, I do see a subtle elongated 'X' sorta looks like a mostly transparent '>---<' at the bottom of my vision. From talking with my Doc, its a small side effect of how they fold the lense implant when they insert it to minimize the size of the incision in the cornea. I dont normally notice it, and since its on the peripheral, it is pretty easy to ignore.
Edit: spelling
Edit: spelling
What is it like to have an eye with no lense. Does an image still form on your vision in that eye or is it just blur of colour?
It's just really really blurry. I can see colors fine, and if I zoom OSX all the way on my external screen, I can read text. If I only had that vision, I'd probably be able to move around in the world, ie walk to the store, but I'd have a hard time doing many things I take for granted.
I had cataract surgery. I can see the Pleiades at nighttime while most others cannot. Use that constellation as your test if you can.
In the spirit of "it's always the first time for somebody", here's how you can perceive colors you technically can't see, which is a fun moment's diversion: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impossible_color#Chimerical_co...
That was fun, thanks
Vernor Vinge's Deepness in the Sky features an alien race which, because they evolved from genetically engineered spiderlike creatures, have an interesting condition: in addition to many eyes their retinas also have a fantastic range of spectrum response from infrared to ultraviolet, so that their visual input feed exceeds their visual processing capability.
The hack is that their visual cortex is multiplexed in a way that certain colors or color combinations might be interpreted as feeling like seeing "plaid" or "tartan" even though the color is solid.
The hack is that their visual cortex is multiplexed in a way that certain colors or color combinations might be interpreted as feeling like seeing "plaid" or "tartan" even though the color is solid.
(This is unrelated to the article, but given that Vinge is one of my favorite authors I couldn't resist replying to this.)
It's been a few years since I read "Deepness", but I don't recall that the Spiders were ever referred-to as genetically-engineered. I'll definitely look into that.
re: the perception of color - I took that to be the Focused translators' interpretation of the spiders' vision, rather than a literal description of the spiders' cognitive process. I've always read the portions of the book that take place on the spiders' world as being a narrative created by the translators, in which the incomprehensibly-alien spiders are made more "relate-able" by analogizing alien concepts with human concepts.
It's been a few years since I read "Deepness", but I don't recall that the Spiders were ever referred-to as genetically-engineered. I'll definitely look into that.
re: the perception of color - I took that to be the Focused translators' interpretation of the spiders' vision, rather than a literal description of the spiders' cognitive process. I've always read the portions of the book that take place on the spiders' world as being a narrative created by the translators, in which the incomprehensibly-alien spiders are made more "relate-able" by analogizing alien concepts with human concepts.
The on-off system itself was believed to be artificial in the story, which might imply that the residents were also.
Speculation on top of fiction:-)
Speculation on top of fiction:-)
I wouldn't do it myself, but I found the various compass implants pretty fascinating. They vibrate differently depending on what compass direction you're facing. Supposedly, after some time, you don't "think" about it, it just becomes more like an innate sixth sense.
I started researching the NTSC standard to figure out how to make sense of this hack, and somehow I ended up here
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulatio...
and ... amazingly I know some of these words now. I blame you fully for this. Well done.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulatio...
and ... amazingly I know some of these words now. I blame you fully for this. Well done.
That is just the best of larks!
Love it when that kind of discovery learning happens. Makes me feel excited about the fact that so much is still new to us, as people with our limited time and experience.
NTSC is a lot of fun to hack. I did a lot of projects similar to this one as a kid.
Basically tried artifact color on many machines.
The Tandy Color Computer 3 has a 640x200'ish mode with 4 colors. That one boils down to one byte per pixel, using composite video input.
Also, the CPU is a 6809! So much byte per pixel fun.
All this because of how NTSC works.
PAL, by the way, can be abused vertically to get additional colors. That can be seen in many Demoscene art productions.
Love it when that kind of discovery learning happens. Makes me feel excited about the fact that so much is still new to us, as people with our limited time and experience.
NTSC is a lot of fun to hack. I did a lot of projects similar to this one as a kid.
Basically tried artifact color on many machines.
The Tandy Color Computer 3 has a 640x200'ish mode with 4 colors. That one boils down to one byte per pixel, using composite video input.
Also, the CPU is a 6809! So much byte per pixel fun.
All this because of how NTSC works.
PAL, by the way, can be abused vertically to get additional colors. That can be seen in many Demoscene art productions.
I would have lost my shit as a child if I saw my old cga desktop do this.
I remember being utterly astonished at the realistic music and sound effects in (what I assume was) the original "Carmen Sandiego" video game. I would repeatedly exit and relaunch the game just to listen to the intro song.
When the local library got VGA monitors, us kids would look at the digital encyclopedia and those VGA pictures were like the future. Some encyclopedia pages even had VGA quality movie recordings... it was like the dawning of the future.
When the local library got VGA monitors, us kids would look at the digital encyclopedia and those VGA pictures were like the future. Some encyclopedia pages even had VGA quality movie recordings... it was like the dawning of the future.
I got into some super serious trouble as a kid in elementary school for turning on the computer while a substitute teacher was there, and messing around with the built in encyclopedia. Even before we had reliable internet, it was amazing to me that there was this just wealth of information on this tiny little CD-ROM.
I wonder if that sense of wonder is lost in the modern world? It's such a joy to stumble on some fascinating new relic and descend however briefly into the depths of its madness. I hope we can still find new ways to inspire that joy now that most of the world's information is available through a device in your pocket. Which... looking back on the last two decades is kindof an astonishing leap.
I wonder if that sense of wonder is lost in the modern world? It's such a joy to stumble on some fascinating new relic and descend however briefly into the depths of its madness. I hope we can still find new ways to inspire that joy now that most of the world's information is available through a device in your pocket. Which... looking back on the last two decades is kindof an astonishing leap.
Getting in trouble for looking around on the computer is also a memory I have from certain elementary school teachers. They must have been so paranoid that a kid would wreck the machine by touching it wrong... such expensive things, so hard to fix by their standards.
Luckily, not every teacher thought that way.
Luckily, not every teacher thought that way.
There were "digital" encyclopedias before Wikipedia? Using VGA graphics and tiny little CD-ROMs (700MB each IIRC, no double-layer tricks or anything) even? That's amazing.
Yes. In the 1990s and 2000s Microsoft sold encyclopedia software called Encarta:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encarta
I remember some consumer PCs being bundled with Encarta in the 1990s and 2000s.
I also remember Grolier (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grolier) publishing CD-ROM encyclopedias in the 1990s.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encarta
I remember some consumer PCs being bundled with Encarta in the 1990s and 2000s.
I also remember Grolier (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grolier) publishing CD-ROM encyclopedias in the 1990s.
The Internet Archive has copies of Encarta: https://archive.org/search.php?query=subject%3A%22Encarta%22
This Facebook bot posts an Encarta95 entry every so often
https://m.facebook.com/encarta95postbot
https://m.facebook.com/encarta95postbot
Reach back a little further and you'll find this:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Domesday_Project
Anyway, VGA graphics just means you don't need to store megabyte sized images since you can't display them anyway. 700MB is quite a lot if you're just trying to replace a paper encyclopedia.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Domesday_Project
Anyway, VGA graphics just means you don't need to store megabyte sized images since you can't display them anyway. 700MB is quite a lot if you're just trying to replace a paper encyclopedia.
I genuinely thought cga was only capable of black, white, cyan, and magenta. Most developers seemed to think the same. Whatever a handful of hackers and the people building the hardware knew, to most of the public that's what cga was. I would've been excited enough for green + brown mode.
Video of the demo: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hNRO7lno_DM
Is there a live-capture of the audience reaction? They must have completely lost it when the 1k colors were revealed
EDIT: heh, they waited until the non-static images. Kind of makes sense - unless you have a really good feeling for the era this hardware is from it might not be immediately obvious how impressive of a technical feat this is from image output alone.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gdb3AQ14iVc
EDIT2: Here's a TANDY 1000 video capture, for the curious
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rAUM89Xu7jo
EDIT: heh, they waited until the non-static images. Kind of makes sense - unless you have a really good feeling for the era this hardware is from it might not be immediately obvious how impressive of a technical feat this is from image output alone.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gdb3AQ14iVc
EDIT2: Here's a TANDY 1000 video capture, for the curious
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rAUM89Xu7jo
This mode was well known in the mid 80s. I wrote a shareware demo of the super color mode in masm that swirled and formed patterns. This had to be around 86 or 87. (That code is sitting on an old mfm disk that I can't read).
It was a fun mode, but too jaggy to do much with.
If you actually have diskettes from that era that you care about, you might want to image them using a low-level magnetic flux reader - the devices are actually quite inexpensive, and this would ensure that the data is preserved for the foreseeable future.
Well, he said an old MFM drive, so he's probably referring to an MFM hard drive rather than diskettes. That was the common parlance for MFM HDDs back then.
> you might want to image them using a low-level magnetic flux reader - the devices are actually quite inexpensive
Link? Googling that term shows at most probes that register a single scalar value, not something that can image a diskette. (Nor were those "quite inexpensive")
Link? Googling that term shows at most probes that register a single scalar value, not something that can image a diskette. (Nor were those "quite inexpensive")
I wouldn't agree with "quite inexpensive" (start at $100~$200 and then you need a drive as well) but there are some of the options out there for low-level magnetic floppy imaging.
https://applesaucefdc.com
https://www.kryoflux.com
https://discferret.com/wiki/DiscFerret
https://applesaucefdc.com
https://www.kryoflux.com
https://discferret.com/wiki/DiscFerret
As an alternative to going hunting for hardware that will read your MFM disks, you might also have an idle look around for retrocomputing groups that are nearby(ish). Someone might live within a viable distance, or you might be able to bring the disks to a meetup. I understand sending disks off is also a thing, but given their age and the weakness of the magnetic fields in them I'd shy away from subjecting them to potential erasure via postal conditions. Unsure if this perspective is overparanoid.
How many colors were you able to get with moving graphics? From the article the CRTC hacking needed to get the last 512 colors is too CPU intensive for anything but static images on an 8088.
Neat! Old-timers may recall this composite pattern and inter-pixel artifacting was how Tandy Coco games achieved limited colours in PMODE 4. They've really taken this to the ultimate level.
Hardware evolved so fast these last 4 decades; I'm glad some crazy folks decide to keep pushing the limits of old tech.
It makes one wonder how much more we could squeeze from hardware from 20 years ago (PlayStation 2? Pentium 4?), or even from today! (And in this age of abstractions over abstractions over electron... well, there's a whole lot that could actually be squeezed)
It's too bad that modern day hardware does not allow similar depth of hacking decades after release. CDs could be still overburned to significantly larger capacity, yet there is nothing like that for Bluray.
"CDs could be still overburned to significantly larger capacity, yet there is nothing like that for Bluray."
Of course there is.
I have no idea what it is, and no interest in that particular technology, but without question there are edge cases and weird engineering loopholes and strange behaviors in any technology like that.
The reason they have reached this depth (1024 color CGA) is because of the decades they have spent hacking away at it - not because of some aspect unique to that platform.
Of course there is.
I have no idea what it is, and no interest in that particular technology, but without question there are edge cases and weird engineering loopholes and strange behaviors in any technology like that.
The reason they have reached this depth (1024 color CGA) is because of the decades they have spent hacking away at it - not because of some aspect unique to that platform.
I highly, highly recommend the wonderful book:
_Racing the Beam_
... if you are at all interested in stories like this of bending hardware (in this case, the Atari 2600) to the will of the programmer.
(The Atari 2600 didn't have a framebuffer - you had to tell the electron beam what color to paint in real time, sync'd to the clock of the CPU. This was called "racing the beam")
_Racing the Beam_
... if you are at all interested in stories like this of bending hardware (in this case, the Atari 2600) to the will of the programmer.
(The Atari 2600 didn't have a framebuffer - you had to tell the electron beam what color to paint in real time, sync'd to the clock of the CPU. This was called "racing the beam")
The Commodore 64 and Apple //e had double hires mode by turning on two different video modes and switching between them to get more colors and resolution.
http://www.battlestations.zone/2017/04/apple-ii-double-hi-re...
Edit typo
http://www.battlestations.zone/2017/04/apple-ii-double-hi-re...
Edit typo
I still remember my first EGA card. I downloaded that picture of Smaug from a BBS. I loaded it up on my screen, stood at the other side of the room, and excitedly declared that from that distance it looked as good as a photo.
If I'd seen this with CGA, I'd probably be unable to function for a week.
If I'd seen this with CGA, I'd probably be unable to function for a week.
Could somebody explain in simple words how can they achieve the 1024 colors with the CGA? Is this some kind of trickery? The article is too technical and demo-scene targeted for me...
If it is possible why there were no CGA games with so many colors? Thank you!
If it is possible why there were no CGA games with so many colors? Thank you!
CGA supports a 16-color 160x100 graphics mode as a hack on the 16-color text mode. A few games used it, but not many. See http://tunneler.org/low-res/
In this mode, if you use a dithering pattern you can generate 256 (16x16) dithered colors.
When connected to a composite monitor, the dithering pattern appears as a solid color, giving you 256 unique solid colors at a resolution of 80x100.
In a composite video signal, different pixel positions produce different colors, so if you shift the dithering pattern over by one pixel, you get an additional 256 colors.
The author was able to find four such dithering patterns, for a total of 1024 (256x4) colors. However, the last two dithering patterns (the last 512 colors) require some low-level hacking scan-line hacking.
In this mode, if you use a dithering pattern you can generate 256 (16x16) dithered colors.
When connected to a composite monitor, the dithering pattern appears as a solid color, giving you 256 unique solid colors at a resolution of 80x100.
In a composite video signal, different pixel positions produce different colors, so if you shift the dithering pattern over by one pixel, you get an additional 256 colors.
The author was able to find four such dithering patterns, for a total of 1024 (256x4) colors. However, the last two dithering patterns (the last 512 colors) require some low-level hacking scan-line hacking.
They mention a couple issues in the article:
> Naturally, there are downsides: having to mess with the CRTC every couple of scanlines is quite taxing for the poor 4.77MHz 8088, so there's not much you can do with this other than static pictures. The 512-color variant, using only ASCII 0x55 and 0x13, doesn't suffer from this – it's basically "set and forget", requiring no more CPU intervention than any 80-column text mode (the familiar overhead of avoiding snow).
> Then, there's that other problem which plagues 80-column CGA on composite displays... the hardware bug that leads to bad hsync timing and missing color burst. There are ways to compensate for that, but none that reliably works with every monitor and capture device out there. This proved to be an enduring headache in calibrating, determining the actual colors, and obtaining a passable video capture of the entire demo... but that's all covered elsewhere.
> Naturally, there are downsides: having to mess with the CRTC every couple of scanlines is quite taxing for the poor 4.77MHz 8088, so there's not much you can do with this other than static pictures. The 512-color variant, using only ASCII 0x55 and 0x13, doesn't suffer from this – it's basically "set and forget", requiring no more CPU intervention than any 80-column text mode (the familiar overhead of avoiding snow).
> Then, there's that other problem which plagues 80-column CGA on composite displays... the hardware bug that leads to bad hsync timing and missing color burst. There are ways to compensate for that, but none that reliably works with every monitor and capture device out there. This proved to be an enduring headache in calibrating, determining the actual colors, and obtaining a passable video capture of the entire demo... but that's all covered elsewhere.
I thought I recalled a story about someone doing the scanline palette flip trick on C64 hardware long, long ago.
Might have been to accomplish PAL color blending.
PAL uses the color info from a prior scan line in addition to the color info on the current scan line to establish a given pixel color.
If one is clever about changing pixel colors in a way synchronized with the display, more than 16 colors will be seen.
The C64 only has 16 colors. Fixed colors.
Abusing TV was, and can still be, interesting.
On the older machines, a gain of new colors was a big deal.
In this case, it still is a big deal, given how craptastic the CGA is.
PAL uses the color info from a prior scan line in addition to the color info on the current scan line to establish a given pixel color.
If one is clever about changing pixel colors in a way synchronized with the display, more than 16 colors will be seen.
The C64 only has 16 colors. Fixed colors.
Abusing TV was, and can still be, interesting.
On the older machines, a gain of new colors was a big deal.
In this case, it still is a big deal, given how craptastic the CGA is.
Impressive achievement!
Maybe that's obvious, but for some reason that tickled me. Plugging in a wire to a 2TB solid state drive, named after a tech from three decades earlier? Awesome. I'm sure there's lots of terms that are direct descendents of the original PC (including x86 itself), but this one caught me. Imagine telling the guy who decided on "AT" that the term would still be used 36 years later.
Anyways, as crazy as it seems to mess with a CGA computer nowadays, it's all related. One tech leads to another which leads to another, each usually somewhat compatible or based on the generation before, so that oddities/limitations and workarounds from back then have a way of trickling down through the years.