Gmail sends far more emails from conservatives to spam: study(arxiv.org)
arxiv.org
Gmail sends far more emails from conservatives to spam: study
https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.16743
60 comments
Except that the study found that yahoo and outlook leaned the other way, except not as much. Gmail was uniquely left-leaning.
Which I addressed: it's based on the user base. There's some sampling bias to consider here, in that the demographics of people who use Yahoo, who use Outlook, and who use Gmail are not equivalent.
Your explanation seems purely speculative; do you have any reason to believe that it's actually true?
I mean, different providers have different features that attract different types of people. But if you want quantified data, there's at least this that I found with a quick Google, showing a significant difference in age demographics between providers:
https://www.statista.com/statistics/547531/e-mail-provider-r...
And there's quantified evidence that older people tend to be more conservative:
https://www.chicagobooth.edu/review/there-are-two-americas-a...
So that alone is worth taking into account.
https://www.statista.com/statistics/547531/e-mail-provider-r...
And there's quantified evidence that older people tend to be more conservative:
https://www.chicagobooth.edu/review/there-are-two-americas-a...
So that alone is worth taking into account.
Another very scientific study on the subject: https://theoatmeal.com/comics/email_address
It might be true, but how likely is it that users are more important than the spam detection algorithms? I don't think this user data is sufficient to exclude/disqualify other explanations.
"...how likely is it that users are more important than the spam detection algorithms?"
I'm not sure you understand how spam filters work. No one is sitting there hard-coding all the possible terms and phrases that indicate spam; that would be unfeasible. The spam filters learn what content is considered spam based on user activity and user flagging. It's not that users are "more important than the algorithms," it's that the algorithms are trained by the users in the first place.
In more general terms, the algorithms represent user preferences, so the user demographics directly determine the algorithms' behavior.
I'm not sure you understand how spam filters work. No one is sitting there hard-coding all the possible terms and phrases that indicate spam; that would be unfeasible. The spam filters learn what content is considered spam based on user activity and user flagging. It's not that users are "more important than the algorithms," it's that the algorithms are trained by the users in the first place.
In more general terms, the algorithms represent user preferences, so the user demographics directly determine the algorithms' behavior.
>"In more general terms, the algorithms represent user preferences, so the user demographics directly determine the algorithms' behavior. "
It all really depends on the algorithm used. I am familiar with many algorithms which could be used in these cases, and I'm not sure whether Google is using a 'stock' algorithm, or as I suspect, something tailored to their requirements. Each algorithm will produce different results, so which one you choose has a huge impact on what is 'filtered'.
The user-base has a substantial impact, but you could probably get a variety of results by applying different algorithms to the same user data. You implicitly asserted that user demographics were the dominant factor, and I am not sure that's true.
It all really depends on the algorithm used. I am familiar with many algorithms which could be used in these cases, and I'm not sure whether Google is using a 'stock' algorithm, or as I suspect, something tailored to their requirements. Each algorithm will produce different results, so which one you choose has a huge impact on what is 'filtered'.
The user-base has a substantial impact, but you could probably get a variety of results by applying different algorithms to the same user data. You implicitly asserted that user demographics were the dominant factor, and I am not sure that's true.
Different algorithms do indeed learn from data differently. But the entire purpose of a spam filter is to filter out spam, a word which is defined subjectively. Any spam filter which acts contrary to its users' collective preferences would be considered bugged and broken, regardless of how it decided that, because it would mean it's not doing what it was designed to do, and not learning correctly.
Gmail spam quality is internally evaluated based on the ratio of moves into and out of the spam label. So you're completely correct: it is optimized for how its users collectively define spam. There is no objective definition of spam.
The spam detection algorithms are trained ON the user's reports, so it's certain.
Which algorithm you choose, what data is used for training, and how the data are used are all very important. The user-base has an impact, but I am not sure whether it is the primary cause of the discrepancy between e-mail providers.
> https://www.statista.com/statistics/547531/e-mail-provider-r...
Why does this study exclude ages 35 to 55? Seems like a big gap to me. So this study is only comparing Zoomers, Millenials, and Boomers, and completely excludes Gen X.
Why does this study exclude ages 35 to 55? Seems like a big gap to me. So this study is only comparing Zoomers, Millenials, and Boomers, and completely excludes Gen X.
I was curious about this, I have 2 conservative emails in my spam folder, one sent from a colo facility, and one sent from amazon ses. Both seem to have adequate dmarc and spf records, so I can only imagine that it'd be something in Google's filters.
Personal anecdote: I've given my details to both Republican and Democrat parties here in Texas. The only email list I ended up on the Democrat side was a local congresswoman's mailing list (but I've been phone-banked a ton). On the Republican side, I've wound up on 2020maga email lists, something called "middleamericanews", Texas GOP, something called "americasfreedomfighters", etc. A bunch are really low quality e-stores. I can only surmise that (at least here in Texas), there are differences in how the two parties partner with their mailing lists.
Personal anecdote: I've given my details to both Republican and Democrat parties here in Texas. The only email list I ended up on the Democrat side was a local congresswoman's mailing list (but I've been phone-banked a ton). On the Republican side, I've wound up on 2020maga email lists, something called "middleamericanews", Texas GOP, something called "americasfreedomfighters", etc. A bunch are really low quality e-stores. I can only surmise that (at least here in Texas), there are differences in how the two parties partner with their mailing lists.
I imagine IP geolocation probably plays a role in where these groups send emails in the first place. I'd guess someone with an email account most accessed from Texas would be sent far more conservative emails than, say, someone with an account accessed from California or Manhattan. But this is definitely just my own speculation.
Experience, perhaps?
That maps partially to my own experience. The majority of folks I know who identify as 'conservative' are older, less tech savvy, and tend to use whatever they had set up a long time ago. @AOL? @Yahoo? @MSN? If it's working, they'll just keep using it.
A few I know have made a transition to gmail, I think at the behest of younger children (as in, they may have set it up for them during a holiday visit, etc). But in my own life, with the majority of conservatives I know where I also know their primary email, it's not gmail.
That maps partially to my own experience. The majority of folks I know who identify as 'conservative' are older, less tech savvy, and tend to use whatever they had set up a long time ago. @AOL? @Yahoo? @MSN? If it's working, they'll just keep using it.
A few I know have made a transition to gmail, I think at the behest of younger children (as in, they may have set it up for them during a holiday visit, etc). But in my own life, with the majority of conservatives I know where I also know their primary email, it's not gmail.
My experience agrees with you and I just realized that you can roughly guess someone's age by their email domain. As a Millenial, I've used gmail for going on 20 years, but I feel like that was more or less the peak of email - I don't know that Gen Z uses anything else. My guess would be they moved onto social media and while they probably have emails, it was never their primary method of online communication.
I would wager that for most Gen Z-ers (and younger), their emails are used only for two things: confirming account registrations and communicating with older people (a la teachers, businesses, etc.) Most of their inter-demographic non-realtime communication is likely social media and texts.
I would imagine the demographics are different just purely based on the fact that Yahoo Mail has been around for longer than Gmail.
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When I contact my senators and representative about literally anything and give them my email for a reply, they end up spamming me constantly with their newsletters bragging about how they're keeping Obama, and now Biden, from being able to get anything done, or how they would like to make the lives of immigrants and young women harder.
Howdy, Spam folder. GMail learns a bit more about how much I don't want to hear about the above.
(My senators are Cornyn and Cruz, representative is Carter.)
Other example: innocuous-looking, apolitical site with a few nice knitting patterns, and the promise of more if you register an account. I used a custom email address just for them in a domain I own.
Two weeks later: Newsmax and other far-right stuff to said email address that had never been used for anything else. No, I'm not worried about men calling themselves women and assaulting my unsuspecting daughter in a bathroom.
More education of the Spam filter.
Howdy, Spam folder. GMail learns a bit more about how much I don't want to hear about the above.
(My senators are Cornyn and Cruz, representative is Carter.)
Other example: innocuous-looking, apolitical site with a few nice knitting patterns, and the promise of more if you register an account. I used a custom email address just for them in a domain I own.
Two weeks later: Newsmax and other far-right stuff to said email address that had never been used for anything else. No, I'm not worried about men calling themselves women and assaulting my unsuspecting daughter in a bathroom.
More education of the Spam filter.
Sometimes I'm annoyed at the GDPR, especially when implementing it. But this thing just won't happen in Europe anymore, at least from my experience. Especially when writing to your local representative it's unbelievable that they are allowed to start messaging you regularly with their advertisements.
New laws against stuff like this in the US generally have exceptions for politicians, so it wouldn't help.
Which I'm sure has nothing to do with the fact that politicians are the ones making the laws............................................
(I wasn't sure how many ellipses would convey my exhaustion accurately, so I used them all.)
(I wasn't sure how many ellipses would convey my exhaustion accurately, so I used them all.)
>> "they would like to make the lives of immigrants and young women harder"
Attacking us queerfolk seems to have come back into fashion, too. And, bizarrely, furries. I wish the "Beto is a furry" campaign had been a fluke. Wishing it would go away is the one thing furries across the political spectrum agree on. At this rate, Nancy Pelosi will buy a knockoff fursuit off AliExpress in solidarity.
Attacking us queerfolk seems to have come back into fashion, too. And, bizarrely, furries. I wish the "Beto is a furry" campaign had been a fluke. Wishing it would go away is the one thing furries across the political spectrum agree on. At this rate, Nancy Pelosi will buy a knockoff fursuit off AliExpress in solidarity.
Oh, yes. Sorry for forgetting about y'all - I translated "traditional family values" a bit too narrowly and self-focused. (Paid parental leave is apparently an attack on the "traditional family".)
"(Paid parental leave is apparently an attack on the 'traditional family'.)"
Well, duh. Everyone knows that being barefoot, pregnant, and in the kitchen is a woman's natural place, so she should stay home taking care of the kids with no pay while her husband brings home the bacon to buy her pretty things, so he doesn't need parental leave either. Traditions must be right and unchallenged, otherwise why would they be traditional all those years? Obviously.
(This is the second or third time today I feel the need to write this disclaimer, but: everything above is, hopefully clearly, sarcastic as fuck. Please read into the irony the exact opposite of what the words say.)
Well, duh. Everyone knows that being barefoot, pregnant, and in the kitchen is a woman's natural place, so she should stay home taking care of the kids with no pay while her husband brings home the bacon to buy her pretty things, so he doesn't need parental leave either. Traditions must be right and unchallenged, otherwise why would they be traditional all those years? Obviously.
(This is the second or third time today I feel the need to write this disclaimer, but: everything above is, hopefully clearly, sarcastic as fuck. Please read into the irony the exact opposite of what the words say.)
Ideally, shouldn't this be customized to the user, so that liberal users get conservative messages sent to spam and conservative users get liberal messages sent to spam?
The problem with that is an individual user doesn't generally mark enough things as spam to give the filter enough data to perform well on. It's the aggregation of every user's spam-marking that provides a large enough data set to make good predictions. If they switched to individual spam filters, a lot more spam would make its way into users' inboxes.
Not necessarily. After a bit of customer-specific training data, users could be grouped into cohorts.
So, train a classifier to create an embedding of Spam Types, then train a different Bayesian filter for each Spam Type with only the data from the users in that type class?
I mean, yeah, I guess that would be possible, but is it a good idea? Echo chambers tend not to be productive, so if the choice is "get rid of stuff that most people think is bad" or "get rid of stuff that most people who agree with you think is bad" -- and if it takes much more work to do the latter -- I can't justify putting in that work. It's counter-productive, and all to satisfy peoples' desires to hear what they already think.
I mean, yeah, I guess that would be possible, but is it a good idea? Echo chambers tend not to be productive, so if the choice is "get rid of stuff that most people think is bad" or "get rid of stuff that most people who agree with you think is bad" -- and if it takes much more work to do the latter -- I can't justify putting in that work. It's counter-productive, and all to satisfy peoples' desires to hear what they already think.
It's way too expensive to have individual models for these things.
Ideally users should get what they sign up to receive and nothing more.
The implicit assumption here is that 100% of the training data comes from regular Gmail users and it didn't start off with any seed data provided by Google employees.
Not at all. It doesn't have to be 100% of the data, it just has to be enough of the data that it influences the filter's decisions toward one direction over another. And since GMail has been in existence for 18 years and has a massive user base, I would be extraordinarily shocked if Google's initial seed training set isn't totally overshadowed by user-supplied data by now.
It seems fairly useless if we get different results depending on where we start from. That's not what I call learning.
To be fair, there would be a difference for awhile, as more training data makes its way into the system. But you're right that an effective machine learning system, or even just an effective Bayesian analysis, would be problematic if it didn't trend towards a the same answer as more data is obtained. And after 18 years and millions of users, yeah, if the initial training data still held any influence over its decisions, it would mean the whole system is broken.
My single data point as someone who doesn't sign up for political emails: I get FAR, FAR more conservative spam than liberal.
Is it the bullying kind, talking down to you to try to get you to donate by shaming you? Or telling you Don Jr is going to be showing his dad this week's top donor list, and he's embarrassed that he can't share your name with his dad. He's embarrassed because he already promised his dad that you were going to donate - don't embarrass Don Jr by not donating right now!
I really have no idea how these pleas can appeal to anyone.
I really have no idea how these pleas can appeal to anyone.
Nah, more like screeds about how liberals are out to destroy your 401k or how Joe Biden is destroying America.
Oh, that's nice. I get ones that are more "concerned mom" targeted about what various elements of "The Left" wish to do to children.
I get spam from both sides of the spectrum. I find it amusing that right-spam is mostly "Democrats are going to destroy your family!" or "Don't let trump down!" and left-spam is mostly "We are so scared because {bad thing has or will happen}"
I myself am further to the left than the dems, so I vote with them. I find their messaging so spectacularly weak. They are always trying to guilt people into supporting through this narrative of "we are weak and about to get crushed, save us." I find it so off putting, I wish we had other viable parties and could get rid of FPTP so we don't have to constantly select between these two.
I myself am further to the left than the dems, so I vote with them. I find their messaging so spectacularly weak. They are always trying to guilt people into supporting through this narrative of "we are weak and about to get crushed, save us." I find it so off putting, I wish we had other viable parties and could get rid of FPTP so we don't have to constantly select between these two.
I wish that the US could wholesale implement Germany's electoral system. The Bundestag is approximately 1/2 directly elected seats from the 300 or so districts, and the other 1/2 are proportionally divided among the parties that get more than 5% of the vote nationwide, and they publish their ranked lists ahead of the election. What this means is that a voter can vote for their local representative on a personality or a pragmatic basis ("hmmm... I can tolerate the SPD guy, and I think he has the best shot of beating the CSU guy...") and then has a second vote that they can use for the party that best fits their ideology, with a bit of pragmatism ("the Pirate Party probably won't clear 5%, but the Greens are close enough to me on most issues...")
The 5% thing is a post-WW2 innovation to prevent a small block who just want to tear everything down from getting into the Bundestag and causing chaos. The AfD did manage to get over the hurdle and stay in the last two elections, but can't get too wild - otherwise, they probably won't make that 5%.
The 5% thing is a post-WW2 innovation to prevent a small block who just want to tear everything down from getting into the Bundestag and causing chaos. The AfD did manage to get over the hurdle and stay in the last two elections, but can't get too wild - otherwise, they probably won't make that 5%.
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That, and stuff like "sign up now for Trump's very special free money fund!" and such were also pretty common when he was still president. Basically the classic scams that have been around for decades, but with a Trump flavour.
I have signed up for political emails and I can't remember getting spam from anyone, and I do check my spam regularly. My text spam is exclusively conservative though.
Anecdotally, I never get anything that seems like political messaging from the left but I get tons of unsolicited right-wing messages, largely I believe because people sign up for them accidentally using my email address, because they are morons and people who are highly interested in Hunter Biden's laptop are self-selectively morons. My spam folder currently contains about 9 messages per day from state/local Republicans in Virginia. I have never been to that state.
... During US Election 2020
Conservative scam PACs were huge issue in 2020. Bogus groups masquerading as legitimate political action committees. They collected the money for a candidate or cause and then pocketed the cash instead of giving it to the cause or the candidate.
Several of these scammers have already gone to prison.
Conservative scam PACs were huge issue in 2020. Bogus groups masquerading as legitimate political action committees. They collected the money for a candidate or cause and then pocketed the cash instead of giving it to the cause or the candidate.
Several of these scammers have already gone to prison.
I've been getting regular spam from the Democratic party for years despite never being a US voter or resident (I've only ever been there as a tourist, once). They also address me as Carol despite that not being my name and not being part of my email address. God only knows how I ended up on their list.
Many years ago, before we had the internet, I started to get paper mail addressed to Yevrus and my last name. I thought it was a strange name. Certainly not one we have in the family. Anyway, this Yevrus character had really great credit apparently. He was getting big credit card offers in the mail every day and all kinds of catalogs for stuff I never bought or was interested in.
It took me months to figure out that Yevrus is SURVEY backwards! The "profile" had come from a survey (not one I took!) and that word wound up in the first name field.
It took me months to figure out that Yevrus is SURVEY backwards! The "profile" had come from a survey (not one I took!) and that word wound up in the first name field.
The GOP emails I see are very Trumpesque. I entered one “contest” once and I get over 11 emails a day from multiple GOP lists, the From: is everyone from Trump himself to radio personalities and a million variations of patriots and America first crap.
Grammar and Random Capitalization constantly (“the LIBERALS want to KILL You”), constant grifting and 5x match offers, fake embedded email responses (from: Donald trump, subject: missing donor. Body: “did X not donate yet?”) it’s absolutely ludicrous. I added a filter to not send to spam and archive directly to a specific label just to see how crazy it gets.
It should be considered fraud and bending some sort of finance laws to be sending out that kind of stuff.
On a funny related point, Bernie has almost the same email format (could use same provider, never checked) - his subject lines are insanely long but he’s always very personable and spot on to his meme about “once again I’m asking if you could donate” but it’s never about him. It’s always for something charitable, not about his own campaign. The emails are composed well and not THREATENING random words capitalized to scare you. It’s a night and day difference. It’s a shame the powers that be continue to keep him from advancing any further. He’s truly a man of the people.
Grammar and Random Capitalization constantly (“the LIBERALS want to KILL You”), constant grifting and 5x match offers, fake embedded email responses (from: Donald trump, subject: missing donor. Body: “did X not donate yet?”) it’s absolutely ludicrous. I added a filter to not send to spam and archive directly to a specific label just to see how crazy it gets.
It should be considered fraud and bending some sort of finance laws to be sending out that kind of stuff.
On a funny related point, Bernie has almost the same email format (could use same provider, never checked) - his subject lines are insanely long but he’s always very personable and spot on to his meme about “once again I’m asking if you could donate” but it’s never about him. It’s always for something charitable, not about his own campaign. The emails are composed well and not THREATENING random words capitalized to scare you. It’s a night and day difference. It’s a shame the powers that be continue to keep him from advancing any further. He’s truly a man of the people.
Second comment - it’s likely that GOP get to spam more because users click spam on them because of their tactics. They simply don’t recognize the sender (because they change them often, at least with my personal experience mentioned above)
Why is this flagged. Maybe because it is political and/or incorrect. Nevertheless the Gmail spam filter is definitely worth discussing. I have a friend who registered his surname as a domain so he does not have to use Gmail. Every email he sends from his personal email to a Gmail account goes to spam. Selecting and clicking "Not spam" has no effect. The mail keeps going to the Spam folder. AFAICT, the user's choice is being overridden. Google filters are beyond user control. That's a problem, irrespective of whether the premise here is political and/or incorrect.
Well maybe that's because it is
Other supportable conclusions include that conservatives are actually spammers.
Aside from that logical error, this paper makes a huge number of unsupported assumptions. The biggest error they make is assuming that the contents of the spam folder are representative of spam. In reality the overwhelming majority of what Gmail thinks is spam is reject at SMTP time and doesn't get stored in the user's mailbox at all.
Aside from that logical error, this paper makes a huge number of unsupported assumptions. The biggest error they make is assuming that the contents of the spam folder are representative of spam. In reality the overwhelming majority of what Gmail thinks is spam is reject at SMTP time and doesn't get stored in the user's mailbox at all.
In other words, if gmail is filtering more conservative emails as spam, it's because gmail users are marking more conservative emails as spam and teaching it to do that. In other words, the bias is that gmail users don't want conservative emails more than they don't want liberal emails.
Which, means, hey, if you're a conservative who doesn't want your email filtered out as spam in gmail, maybe consider saying things in your message that aren't annoying to gmail users instead of blaming The Algorithm