This functionality is provided by `xref-find-definition`[1]. For many languages this defaults to using keywords from a generated tags index file, but many modes have a language server or some other more specific facility to provide this functionality at runtime. I'm not familiar with what provides that functionality for C/C++, but Ruby has `robe`, python has `jedi`, clojure has `cider`, rust has `racer`, etc. It generally requires a some setup for each language you use, but there is broad support for this functionality (and it often provides some form of symbol auto-completion as well).
Some modes also support limited refactoring tools[2], but that's not quite as common.
Some modes also support limited refactoring tools[2], but that's not quite as common.
[1] https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Xr...
[2] https://github.com/clojure-emacs/clj-refactor.el, https://github.com/Wilfred/emacs-refactor, https://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/SemanticRefactor