appears to have significantly reduced literacy,
increased infant mortality, limited the provision
of a variety of local public goods, and may also
have significantly reduced local political competition
I believe it, and I'll tell you why.
If you look at your typical in-group microcosm, a leader often refuses to accept the leadership of others. This promotes that individual to their own level of incompetance, so to speak. Leaders usually attract people less capable than themselves, and extremely domineering personalities enjoy lording over people they perceive as their lessers. I've watched this concept cut across tons of low-level menial jobs and up into higher level executive cliques.
Meanwhile, violence as an action to produce an effect has differing effects at the scale of a populace in which strangers co-exist, than within the individual microcosm. Alternatives to violence might include exile, which for the social group has an effective outcome that matches crippling injury, murder or jail. An individual is removed from the game. Clashes in leadership are at the core of violence. But violence is unsophisticated, and it's usually not your geniuses resorting to it reflexively.
For an extreme example of the sustained effect of violence removing participants from a society, look at Afghanistan, which has been dealing with violence as a fact of life since the 80's. Brain drain, orphans everywhere, no parents, no one going to school, because learning to survive at all is the only education that pays off.
On a gradient, the premise of continued violence between strangers in a small town scales similarly, and all the worse if every town in a region is dealing with the same shit. The less time anyone has to sit and think about some trivial diversion, the dumber society is on a whole, and the less everyone gets back from the benefits of permitting others to sit and think, in return.
Single celled fungi are likely to be older than our current continental arrangement, the title could clarify that yeast had most likely become domesticated in China, maybe around 4,000 ago, from which all modern domesticated yeast may have descended.
I believe it, and I'll tell you why.
If you look at your typical in-group microcosm, a leader often refuses to accept the leadership of others. This promotes that individual to their own level of incompetance, so to speak. Leaders usually attract people less capable than themselves, and extremely domineering personalities enjoy lording over people they perceive as their lessers. I've watched this concept cut across tons of low-level menial jobs and up into higher level executive cliques.
Meanwhile, violence as an action to produce an effect has differing effects at the scale of a populace in which strangers co-exist, than within the individual microcosm. Alternatives to violence might include exile, which for the social group has an effective outcome that matches crippling injury, murder or jail. An individual is removed from the game. Clashes in leadership are at the core of violence. But violence is unsophisticated, and it's usually not your geniuses resorting to it reflexively.
For an extreme example of the sustained effect of violence removing participants from a society, look at Afghanistan, which has been dealing with violence as a fact of life since the 80's. Brain drain, orphans everywhere, no parents, no one going to school, because learning to survive at all is the only education that pays off.
On a gradient, the premise of continued violence between strangers in a small town scales similarly, and all the worse if every town in a region is dealing with the same shit. The less time anyone has to sit and think about some trivial diversion, the dumber society is on a whole, and the less everyone gets back from the benefits of permitting others to sit and think, in return.