The universe has already made almost all the stars it will ever make(nautil.us)
nautil.us
The universe has already made almost all the stars it will ever make
https://nautil.us/issue/104/harmony/the-universe-already-made-almost-all-the-stars-it-will-ever-make
212 comments
There's a video on that. The end of the universe: https://youtu.be/uD4izuDMUQA
This is so weird to think that for most of its life the universe will be empty and cold. Like what's even the point of all this, of life, of us, if in the end nothing matters, everything decays into nothingness.
This is so weird to think that for most of its life the universe will be empty and cold. Like what's even the point of all this, of life, of us, if in the end nothing matters, everything decays into nothingness.
Thinking about this stuff is what prompted my thinking about things like suicide.
The Universe is so vast. So much space, most of it with only the barest wisp of gas. Most of the solar systems we see in the night sky may not have life (we don't know yet). And yet here we are, a rare event in a vast Universe.
In the end it doesn't matter what you do. What you accomplish or did not accomplish. What awards were won or lost, life goals achieved or not.
Everything you can see (including the stars in the sky), everything you have ever heard about will be less than dust at some point in the far future. No statues will survive, no history books, no songs of glory. The stars will wink out, the galaxies red-shift past the point of visibility as they rush away from us. It will eventually be a vast, empty and quiet expanse, as the last of the black holes slowly evaporate.
But right here, right now, you are alive and able to experience the Universe. Yes, you may be in a shitty situation now, but you are still alive and you still have possibilities to experience something wonderful. It won't last, it never lasts, but that isn't the point. We all have to appreciate what we do have, when we have it.
Some people are in truly shitty situations, and legitimately have no way out, with no possible means to create even a little happiness for themselves. But for everyone else thinking of ending things prematurely, I urge you to consider how rare and precious you are. If you can give even a little kindness to someone else, it will have been worth it, because that's all that really matters, on our journey to infinity.
The Universe is so vast. So much space, most of it with only the barest wisp of gas. Most of the solar systems we see in the night sky may not have life (we don't know yet). And yet here we are, a rare event in a vast Universe.
In the end it doesn't matter what you do. What you accomplish or did not accomplish. What awards were won or lost, life goals achieved or not.
Everything you can see (including the stars in the sky), everything you have ever heard about will be less than dust at some point in the far future. No statues will survive, no history books, no songs of glory. The stars will wink out, the galaxies red-shift past the point of visibility as they rush away from us. It will eventually be a vast, empty and quiet expanse, as the last of the black holes slowly evaporate.
But right here, right now, you are alive and able to experience the Universe. Yes, you may be in a shitty situation now, but you are still alive and you still have possibilities to experience something wonderful. It won't last, it never lasts, but that isn't the point. We all have to appreciate what we do have, when we have it.
Some people are in truly shitty situations, and legitimately have no way out, with no possible means to create even a little happiness for themselves. But for everyone else thinking of ending things prematurely, I urge you to consider how rare and precious you are. If you can give even a little kindness to someone else, it will have been worth it, because that's all that really matters, on our journey to infinity.
It helps to think of time as a dimension. Sure, you, anyone or anything will not last measured on this dimension. But it still has a span. You would not call objects meaningless or less beautiful just because they physically end at some point in space. Why is time so different? It is just the fourth dimension of their shape, giving them a more unique character.
I came up with similar thoughts after losing someone I loved. Helped immensely to think of time as a dimension. Even though I'm trapped on a one way course, those previous moments still exist. Even though the person I loved is dead and I'll never talk to her again, those moments of her life will always exist. As far as I know, nothing can ever erase it.
There will always be a place in the universe where she's alive and happy. A place that I'll probably never be able to visit but still is immensely comforting knowing it exists.
I guess that's my version of a secular afterlife. Not entirely comforting as all the moments of suffering still exist too, somewhere. But still, it means there's a permanence to even the most impermanent things.
There will always be a place in the universe where she's alive and happy. A place that I'll probably never be able to visit but still is immensely comforting knowing it exists.
I guess that's my version of a secular afterlife. Not entirely comforting as all the moments of suffering still exist too, somewhere. But still, it means there's a permanence to even the most impermanent things.
This (that time is a dimension) is as I understand what most physicists believe today and constitutes the so-called eternalism (or "block universe") philosophy of time. According to this view, past/present/future are our (human) terms to explain what is already laid out and we're simply moving along the time access just like we move along in space (though of course only in direction).
I've become a big believer in this view. A valuable upshot of embracing eternalism is that it makes it much easier not to regret the past or worry about the future, though some believe it encourages risky behavior.
I've become a big believer in this view. A valuable upshot of embracing eternalism is that it makes it much easier not to regret the past or worry about the future, though some believe it encourages risky behavior.
I don't think most physicists subscribe to the view that things are laid out already. I think most believe that physics is non-deterministic due to QM. Other schools of thoughts like superdeterminism does believe what you're saying but I think this is a minority view (albeit advocated by some very high profile physicists).
What is not clear to me however is whether a block universe view can still be correct even if non-determinism is true.
What is not clear to me however is whether a block universe view can still be correct even if non-determinism is true.
The way I think of the universe is: we are the universe discovering itself, gaining consciousness and trying to figure itself out. Our fears are exactly the same as the universe’s. Our curiosity and wonder, also the universe’s. RN, this universe is a child, maybe a baby, and the way it’s expanding, it’s processes and consciousness will simply be on a much different time/space scale, require less energy (cold dark universe) with better understanding of space time, meaning rn it’s already able to appreciate all of time forever and understands that the point is not to go back and change things but to appreciate all presents. So us humans, we will learn at our pace, and if we go extinct, we’ve played our part, maybe another species someplace else will be better suited to carry on our torch or a completely new and different kind of torch.
Babylon 5 had a scene about this idea:
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=VhD0hbGEDSU
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=VhD0hbGEDSU
Interesting—this is the first time I've came across someone with my own viewpoint.
I'm not certain if there's a name for it. I figure it's a form of pantheism.
For me, certainly, it's the only thing which makes sense.
I'm not certain if there's a name for it. I figure it's a form of pantheism.
For me, certainly, it's the only thing which makes sense.
It’s actually something about a billion people believe. They’re called Buddhists.
You might like the writings of Thich Nhat Hanh, which I probably misspelled.
You might like the writings of Thich Nhat Hanh, which I probably misspelled.
The Hindus as well I believe. Especially within the "Vedanta" school of thought.
TIL. I'm not knowledgeable about Buddhism at all, so I'll look into this. Thanks!
I guess another word for it could be, God.
Exactly, this is my view of the whole omnipotence, omniscience and omnipresence concept. God is all those bc because God = the universe = us and all of nature, including insects, rocks, water, photons, gravity. Hell, heaven, good, bad, its the judgements we make of our own decisions and the consequences we attribute to them. And this does not make the concept of religion any less powerful or relevant.
This is also how I think about things. I exist here and now. My children exist here and now. We are happy. It ends. Sure. Just like you say, an object also ends (at its borders). But that doesn’t change the fact that this moment will forever be a part of the universe.
This helps put into words my feelings toward immortality. A life without end would be as monstrous as a sculpture whose height or width never ends!
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Because for most of that dimension, there won't be anyone around to consider the spans meaningful or beautiful.
Psychedelics can help with this.
I love this take. Very Vonnegut.
>In the end it doesn't matter what you do. What you accomplish or did not accomplish. What awards were won or lost, life goals achieved or not.
I tend to turn this type of thinking on its head. Nothing matters, so relax, it's a ride. Take a few gambles, risk whatever you're willing to lose and see what you can pull off! Life can be wild if you're not caught up in the stuffy pretense that we all have some grand purpose or destiny. Honestly, at this point I'm convinced that conventional thinking on this topic is more or less a trap to keep people from exploring and having adventures, so that they're better servants to the elites of our world.
I tend to turn this type of thinking on its head. Nothing matters, so relax, it's a ride. Take a few gambles, risk whatever you're willing to lose and see what you can pull off! Life can be wild if you're not caught up in the stuffy pretense that we all have some grand purpose or destiny. Honestly, at this point I'm convinced that conventional thinking on this topic is more or less a trap to keep people from exploring and having adventures, so that they're better servants to the elites of our world.
We live on some of the nicest and most interesting part of all of spacetime. I cherish every moment, even knowing our names and deeds will be long forgotten (at least I hope some of mine are) well before the first proton decays.
Similar experience here. Learning about astronomy was a psychologically traumatizing experience. After a few years of ceaseless low-key existential crises I think I finally ended up better off, with a healthy perspective of my place in the universe and an appreciation for what a miracle it is that we have the chance to observe anything at all. The writings of Carl Sagan helped greatly. But I fear I could have just as easily slipped off the knife's edge into either nihilism on one side or hedonism on the other.
Is nihilism or hedonism bad? A lot of people already live their lives for pleasure (hedonism) - people work their entire lives to earn money to either enjoy / vacation / sex / etc. Nihilism is considerably rare but I believe that's because it's opposite to hedonism, in a way.
>I believe that's because it's opposite to hedonism, in a way.
I don't see how. Nihilism is descriptive whereas hedonism is prescriptive.
Nihilism is an answer to the question of what is or is not, to which is says, "not at all". That's why there are many flavors of nihilism, such as existential nihilism ("there is no meaning at all"), moral nihilism ("there is no morality at all"), or epistemic nihilism ("there is no knowledge at all").
Contrast hedonism, which is an answer to the question of what one ought to do with one's time, or to put another way, it's a min-max strategy where pain is minimized and pleasure is maximized.
I don't see how those two areas of philosophy contradict each other in any way.
I don't see how. Nihilism is descriptive whereas hedonism is prescriptive.
Nihilism is an answer to the question of what is or is not, to which is says, "not at all". That's why there are many flavors of nihilism, such as existential nihilism ("there is no meaning at all"), moral nihilism ("there is no morality at all"), or epistemic nihilism ("there is no knowledge at all").
Contrast hedonism, which is an answer to the question of what one ought to do with one's time, or to put another way, it's a min-max strategy where pain is minimized and pleasure is maximized.
I don't see how those two areas of philosophy contradict each other in any way.
I think good-bad is not a fair comparision to classify hedonism into one of them.
There are generic pleasures like money/sex , and subjective pleasures.Both can easily spiral into greed, malice and prejudice, none of which we really want too much of.
I dont understand. hedonism and nihilism are good things.
Well, you might be leaning way too much into your moral intuitions about space and extent in this context. Small things are not unimportant.
I heard this on the radio the other day, which turns this observation on its head:
> I want science to give us a sense of wonder. There is this great line from the film Contact that I think Jodie Foster delivers, along the lines of "the universe is so large and we are so small and therefore insignificant, but also incredibly precious." Most of the matter and energy content in the universe is dark matter and dark energy. And therefore what we can see — stars, us — we are what's abnormal about the universe, and we are therefore incredibly precious. So I think that there's something really majestic about being able to situate ourselves in context of this incredible thing that is the universe.
(apologies, this is probably only a free listen in Canada) https://www.cbc.ca/radio/quirks/mar-27-covid-pandemic-origin...
Without observers, the universe would be completely without meaning. We are the most significant thing out there. We make it interesting, by being interested.
> I want science to give us a sense of wonder. There is this great line from the film Contact that I think Jodie Foster delivers, along the lines of "the universe is so large and we are so small and therefore insignificant, but also incredibly precious." Most of the matter and energy content in the universe is dark matter and dark energy. And therefore what we can see — stars, us — we are what's abnormal about the universe, and we are therefore incredibly precious. So I think that there's something really majestic about being able to situate ourselves in context of this incredible thing that is the universe.
(apologies, this is probably only a free listen in Canada) https://www.cbc.ca/radio/quirks/mar-27-covid-pandemic-origin...
Without observers, the universe would be completely without meaning. We are the most significant thing out there. We make it interesting, by being interested.
what I would like to point out is that even though every galaxy rushes away and we can no longer see them eventually, its an amazing thing we were born at a time when they still here and the cosmic microwave background radiation is still detectible at all and we are able to piece together the beginnings and predict the end of the universe. That thought alone inspires me to look for meaning in our existence. I know its an anthropological line of thinking but its what I personally think is amazing about all this.
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Your words were stirring. Reminds me of the monologue scene in "Ghost Story" https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x6bs2o5
"Nothing matters" - that's a very soothing thought. It's soothing because we all focus of what we haven't / couldn't done. It's human mentality to think of bad things over good things. So if nothing matters, then our bad things don't matter, and so it's soothing.
But I don't think we should base our life on any 1 particular ideology because of the possibility of us being wrong. Imagine someone basing their entire life on 1 particular ideology , and it turns out that they were simply wrong. The sunk-cost fallacy would be unbelievable.
But I don't think we should base our life on any 1 particular ideology because of the possibility of us being wrong. Imagine someone basing their entire life on 1 particular ideology , and it turns out that they were simply wrong. The sunk-cost fallacy would be unbelievable.
I agree fully, but in general, suicide isn't a conclusion reached by completely logical thought. Sadly, there are usually other factors at play negatively influencing the thought process.
"Nothing matters"
This is true in the biggest sense of the word. But it's also false. We all have things that matter to us and the various communities that we belong to. In some ways, to me anyway, it's very liberating: life as a blank canvas to imbue it with the meaning we want on.
That won't resonate with everyone or even most people, but it's motivating for me.
This is true in the biggest sense of the word. But it's also false. We all have things that matter to us and the various communities that we belong to. In some ways, to me anyway, it's very liberating: life as a blank canvas to imbue it with the meaning we want on.
That won't resonate with everyone or even most people, but it's motivating for me.
Albert Camus wrote a beautiful (IMHO, at least) book about it, The Myth of Sisyphus. His point, as I understand it, is that nothing matters in the sense that the universe is vast and empty does not care what happens to you or me. But that also means we get to choose what matters to us.
Life has no meaning, but it has meaning to us, and we can, in a way, choose what we want it to mean. I agree, I find this perspective very liberating and positive, but I can see how some people might find it bleak.
Life has no meaning, but it has meaning to us, and we can, in a way, choose what we want it to mean. I agree, I find this perspective very liberating and positive, but I can see how some people might find it bleak.
In this framework, Stalin and Kim Jong-Il created their own meaning and no one has a basis for saying what they chose is worse than anyone else's choice.
To many of us, that is horribly demoralizing.
To many of us, that is horribly demoralizing.
Either you are twisting my words, or I phrased what I said very badly. Let me rephrase what I said, hopefully more clearly:
First, from the perspective of "the universe", the very concept of meaning is meaningless (sorry, no pun intended). From THAT perspective, Stalin or Pol Pot or Hitler or Djenghis Khan killing millions of people is no more or less meaningful or morally good or bad than the asteroid that killed the dinosaurs.
But you and I are not "the universe". Nor is any other human being. To us, it DOES matter, a lot, what choices Stalin, Djenghis Khan or Napoleon make. As well as the choices you and I make, every minute of every day.
From a cosmological perspective, life is quite likely nothing more than a chemical curiosity. From our perspective, it is pretty much everything. The sun doesn't care if you are happy or sad or angry or scared. It cannot care (at least as far as we know). I can. So can anyone else who is reading this.
Ethics, I am trying to say, does not exist outside ourselves the way gravity or time does. But to us, it is just as real, maybe even more real, than any force of nature. This is what makes us human.
First, from the perspective of "the universe", the very concept of meaning is meaningless (sorry, no pun intended). From THAT perspective, Stalin or Pol Pot or Hitler or Djenghis Khan killing millions of people is no more or less meaningful or morally good or bad than the asteroid that killed the dinosaurs.
But you and I are not "the universe". Nor is any other human being. To us, it DOES matter, a lot, what choices Stalin, Djenghis Khan or Napoleon make. As well as the choices you and I make, every minute of every day.
From a cosmological perspective, life is quite likely nothing more than a chemical curiosity. From our perspective, it is pretty much everything. The sun doesn't care if you are happy or sad or angry or scared. It cannot care (at least as far as we know). I can. So can anyone else who is reading this.
Ethics, I am trying to say, does not exist outside ourselves the way gravity or time does. But to us, it is just as real, maybe even more real, than any force of nature. This is what makes us human.
Thank you for trying to clarify your thoughts. I understand that you think ethics exist inside human minds and not anywhere else.
I still don't see why Stalin, Pol Pot, and company don't get to decide that they value mass murder to achieve their personal goals, in absentia transcendence.
I find their choices appalling, but it seems they did not.
It's the meaning they chose to make in their life.
If that's their code of ethics, and those ethics exist solely inside our heads, then there's nothing to be said beyond "I hate that," as far as I can see.
I still don't see why Stalin, Pol Pot, and company don't get to decide that they value mass murder to achieve their personal goals, in absentia transcendence.
I find their choices appalling, but it seems they did not.
It's the meaning they chose to make in their life.
If that's their code of ethics, and those ethics exist solely inside our heads, then there's nothing to be said beyond "I hate that," as far as I can see.
Sure they do -- I can pick any basis I want for saying their ideas are worse.
I can make that basis arbitrary (because I don't like their names), or I can ground it in appeals to things that people value widely. One can get lost in the idea that things are meaningless on a purely narrative/mental basis, but you're embedded in a biological matrix that will very likely re-orient you on the idea that some things matter if you pay attention to it. If nothing else, everyone acts as if suffering matters and acts to reduce it personally and in their close circles, so that's a pretty solid baseline to engage. There are questions about what it means to reduce suffering and perhaps even people like Stalin thought they were reducing it, but once you've agreed that reducing suffering is meaningful then you have a standard and can talk in terms of observed results and dynamics around it.
I can make that basis arbitrary (because I don't like their names), or I can ground it in appeals to things that people value widely. One can get lost in the idea that things are meaningless on a purely narrative/mental basis, but you're embedded in a biological matrix that will very likely re-orient you on the idea that some things matter if you pay attention to it. If nothing else, everyone acts as if suffering matters and acts to reduce it personally and in their close circles, so that's a pretty solid baseline to engage. There are questions about what it means to reduce suffering and perhaps even people like Stalin thought they were reducing it, but once you've agreed that reducing suffering is meaningful then you have a standard and can talk in terms of observed results and dynamics around it.
Sure, but if someone doesn't grant that they want to reduce suffering for others, you have no legitimate way to argue to them that they should. You get to pick your meaning and they get to pick theirs.
It's "do what you want", at the end of the day.
It's "do what you want", at the end of the day.
In each of your responses, you're saying there needs to be a shared base of ethics.
> you have no legitimate way to argue to them that they should
> There's no shared basis I can legitimately use to argue with them
> you could not legitimately argue to them that their choices are wrong, philosophically speaking
But you're not answering these questions: Which values are included in that shared basis? Where do those values come from? How do we know that those values are correct?
The idea that values are arbitrary isn't saying you can't criticize other people's values. It's acknowledging that you don't have some authoritative source of ethics. How do you try to convince people that something is worthwhile or wrong? Do you appeal to this authority of ethics, or are you making some other argument?
> you have no legitimate way to argue to them that they should
> There's no shared basis I can legitimately use to argue with them
> you could not legitimately argue to them that their choices are wrong, philosophically speaking
But you're not answering these questions: Which values are included in that shared basis? Where do those values come from? How do we know that those values are correct?
The idea that values are arbitrary isn't saying you can't criticize other people's values. It's acknowledging that you don't have some authoritative source of ethics. How do you try to convince people that something is worthwhile or wrong? Do you appeal to this authority of ethics, or are you making some other argument?
Sure, you can criticize other people's values.
They don't have to listen, though. Maybe their values even dictate that they shouldn't.
You're right that I'm not answering a lot of questions about my own perspective. I wasn't trying to explain my views.
I was trying to explain why many humans are not at all comforted by this "choose your own values" system.
In my case, it produces nihilistic horror, and this is one of the reasons.
I'm not saying a shared basis for ethics must exist.
I'm saying that if one doesn't, there's no basis for arguing that someone else's ethics are wrong.
All you can legitimately say is "I don't like that."
It comes down to "ethics" by mob rule and democracy.
They don't have to listen, though. Maybe their values even dictate that they shouldn't.
You're right that I'm not answering a lot of questions about my own perspective. I wasn't trying to explain my views.
I was trying to explain why many humans are not at all comforted by this "choose your own values" system.
In my case, it produces nihilistic horror, and this is one of the reasons.
I'm not saying a shared basis for ethics must exist.
I'm saying that if one doesn't, there's no basis for arguing that someone else's ethics are wrong.
All you can legitimately say is "I don't like that."
It comes down to "ethics" by mob rule and democracy.
Thanks for replying even after a few days. It took me some time to think through your responses as well, so I hope you forgive my own delay.
> I was trying to explain why many humans are not at all comforted by this "choose your own values" system.
> there's nothing to be said beyond "I hate that," as far as I can see.
> I'm saying that if one doesn't, there's no basis for arguing that someone else's ethics are wrong.
This makes sense. You aren't saying that people won't condemn Stalin's and Kim's action. You're not saying that you or others couldn't be wrong about condemning those two. You're saying: how can anyone judge anyone else if there isn't some objective source of morality?
I dunno though, this seems very juvenile. Are you really saying that there's no way for people to condemn killing if there isn't some objective morality? How would you even be confident that killing is objectively wrong? I'd rather acknowledge that I can change my morals based on good arguments and reasoning. Saying that morals are objective or subjective doesn't really matter to individuals if we can't know for certain what the objective moral guidelines are. We should always consider whether our ethical guidelines are actually good or if they're doing harm.
> It comes down to "ethics" by mob rule and democracy
You don't have to agree with the majority with your own ethical beliefs. Sometimes being in the minority is a signal that your own reasoning is faulty and you should listen to others, and sometimes it's because other people aren't thinking ethically.
> I was trying to explain why many humans are not at all comforted by this "choose your own values" system.
> there's nothing to be said beyond "I hate that," as far as I can see.
> I'm saying that if one doesn't, there's no basis for arguing that someone else's ethics are wrong.
This makes sense. You aren't saying that people won't condemn Stalin's and Kim's action. You're not saying that you or others couldn't be wrong about condemning those two. You're saying: how can anyone judge anyone else if there isn't some objective source of morality?
I dunno though, this seems very juvenile. Are you really saying that there's no way for people to condemn killing if there isn't some objective morality? How would you even be confident that killing is objectively wrong? I'd rather acknowledge that I can change my morals based on good arguments and reasoning. Saying that morals are objective or subjective doesn't really matter to individuals if we can't know for certain what the objective moral guidelines are. We should always consider whether our ethical guidelines are actually good or if they're doing harm.
> It comes down to "ethics" by mob rule and democracy
You don't have to agree with the majority with your own ethical beliefs. Sometimes being in the minority is a signal that your own reasoning is faulty and you should listen to others, and sometimes it's because other people aren't thinking ethically.
No worries about slow replies. Obviously I'm not greased lightning myself. I appreciate your civil, thoughtful responses.
> Are you really saying that there's no way for people to condemn killing if there isn't some objective morality? How would you even be confident that killing is objectively wrong?
People can absolutely condemn killing for any reason they like.
When I'm reasoning from the framework of materialist humanism, I don't see any reason killing is objectively wrong. I see no basis for any objective moral statements at all from this perspective.
If there is no transcendence, nothing outside of our heads that actually defines what good is, then I see no basis for saying anything is "right" or "wrong".
Put another way, "right" and "wrong" become synonyms for "liked" and "disliked".
> Saying that morals are objective or subjective doesn't really matter to individuals if we can't know for certain what the objective moral guidelines are.
I think I disagree.
Certainty is something it's very hard for a human mind to have legitimately.
You can still sometimes piece things together enough to have confidence, though.
If we agree that there is such a thing as objectively right and wrong behavior, we can engage in discussion, research, thinking, and debate which may bring us closer to a shared understanding of what that good might be.
If morals are subjective, then you can still have that debate, but there's no basis for it nor a real reason to have it. It boils down to arguing about what the people involved like, as far as I can see, which doesn't really make sense to me.
This could just be my perspective preventing me from understanding what you're getting at.
> Are you really saying that there's no way for people to condemn killing if there isn't some objective morality? How would you even be confident that killing is objectively wrong?
People can absolutely condemn killing for any reason they like.
When I'm reasoning from the framework of materialist humanism, I don't see any reason killing is objectively wrong. I see no basis for any objective moral statements at all from this perspective.
If there is no transcendence, nothing outside of our heads that actually defines what good is, then I see no basis for saying anything is "right" or "wrong".
Put another way, "right" and "wrong" become synonyms for "liked" and "disliked".
> Saying that morals are objective or subjective doesn't really matter to individuals if we can't know for certain what the objective moral guidelines are.
I think I disagree.
Certainty is something it's very hard for a human mind to have legitimately.
You can still sometimes piece things together enough to have confidence, though.
If we agree that there is such a thing as objectively right and wrong behavior, we can engage in discussion, research, thinking, and debate which may bring us closer to a shared understanding of what that good might be.
If morals are subjective, then you can still have that debate, but there's no basis for it nor a real reason to have it. It boils down to arguing about what the people involved like, as far as I can see, which doesn't really make sense to me.
This could just be my perspective preventing me from understanding what you're getting at.
I think you're making the following claims:
1) What's the point of discussing ethical matters if they're not objective?
2) We can objectively discover what's morally "good".
3) We lose legitimacy making ethical judgments if moral values aren't objective.
(1) There is a lot of value and objectivity in ethical discussions even if there are no objective moral values.
Why would there be no reason to discuss ethics if moral values are subjective? You can discuss all of the factors influencing an ethical judgement with people who don't share your ethical values. You can also change your judgement of an action without changing your ethical values because your understanding of the situation can change.
You are asking whether killing is objectively wrong. This is an incomplete question. What does it even mean to "kill" someone? Stalin's political executions directly killed people, but can we also blame him for the deaths from malnourishment? What if the killing is accidental? When you say that killing is wrong, you have to first define what you even mean. Discussion will help you decide what the ethical value even is.
Secondly, would killing being objectively wrong mean that every action involving killing is wrong? Is it wrong for soldiers to fight in wars? Is it wrong to kill someone in self-defense? What if you only thought it was in self-defense? Every situation is technically unique and *relative* to the situation. Discussion will help you decide which ethical values are involved in each situation.
You can have an objectively wrong ethical judgement of actions even if values are subjective. You can be objectively wrong about the consequences of different actions. You can be objectively wrong in applying your values.
(2) Whether there are objective moral values depends on what you define as a moral value.
Everything I discussed in (1) concerns objective reasons we can base ethical judgements on. Note that everything I discussed were possible contributing factors in our ethical judgment. These are objective outcomes of our actions, and we can legitimately base our ethical judgment on any of these outcomes. These are all statements about what "is" true. When we are making a value judgment though, we are asking what "should" happen.
To make this clearer, let's assume that we can objectively decide which outcomes we "should" aim for. We can objectively say that it's bad when people die, and we can objectively say that it's bad to steal from others. What happens when these values come into conflict? What if someone is going to die if they don't steal food from a shop? You have to compare different ethical values against each other when you decide what "should" happen. Each ethical decision depends on how things are ethically values _relative_ to other ethical values. I can't think of any _absolute_ ethical values because there can always be a more important ethical value.
This is why I don't think we can objectively ethically value things. I don't know of an objective way to compare ethical values. I don't know of an objective way to say you "should" prefer one value over another. You can objectively say this action will result in these outcomes which seem good or bad, but those are also ethical value which also need to be compared to each other. This definition of a moral good, as something you "should" do, makes it incompatible with objectivity to me. We can objectively discover what "is" objectively true about the world because we can observe things which "are". I don't know how to observe what "should" happen, so I have to conclude that values come from us individuals and are thus subjective.
I should note that there are some actions which I think are very obviously bad. We can objectively list all of the bad parts which contribute to the entire action have it be obvious to most people that the action was morally wrong. I'm saying that "obviously bad" is different from "objectively bad", even though they are very close in practice.
(3) You're right that we lose the type of legitimacy which you're arguing for. However, I think that you're making the alternative to objective ethics worse than I think they are.
To start with, where are we using objective ethics? We use ethics to decide how we should behave and how others should behave. What you're saying is that you can tell other people how to behave because there is some objective source of morals backing you up. I can believe there are objectively outcomes of actions which seem bad. But, I don't know what outside of our heads can be telling us what we "should" and "shouldn't" do. Without some external source, it seems like our morals must be internal.
So why do we need to be objectively correct to ethically judge others? I feel okay saying that it seems bad to kill a lot of people unnecessarily and we should try to prevent people from killing others. I don't feel the need to say that killing people is objectively wrong, I feel okay saying it is obviously wrong and we should work together to prevent it. I think that it keeps us humble to realize that we are ultimately the ones deciding the morality of our actions.
1) What's the point of discussing ethical matters if they're not objective?
2) We can objectively discover what's morally "good".
3) We lose legitimacy making ethical judgments if moral values aren't objective.
(1) There is a lot of value and objectivity in ethical discussions even if there are no objective moral values.
Why would there be no reason to discuss ethics if moral values are subjective? You can discuss all of the factors influencing an ethical judgement with people who don't share your ethical values. You can also change your judgement of an action without changing your ethical values because your understanding of the situation can change.
You are asking whether killing is objectively wrong. This is an incomplete question. What does it even mean to "kill" someone? Stalin's political executions directly killed people, but can we also blame him for the deaths from malnourishment? What if the killing is accidental? When you say that killing is wrong, you have to first define what you even mean. Discussion will help you decide what the ethical value even is.
Secondly, would killing being objectively wrong mean that every action involving killing is wrong? Is it wrong for soldiers to fight in wars? Is it wrong to kill someone in self-defense? What if you only thought it was in self-defense? Every situation is technically unique and *relative* to the situation. Discussion will help you decide which ethical values are involved in each situation.
You can have an objectively wrong ethical judgement of actions even if values are subjective. You can be objectively wrong about the consequences of different actions. You can be objectively wrong in applying your values.
(2) Whether there are objective moral values depends on what you define as a moral value.
Everything I discussed in (1) concerns objective reasons we can base ethical judgements on. Note that everything I discussed were possible contributing factors in our ethical judgment. These are objective outcomes of our actions, and we can legitimately base our ethical judgment on any of these outcomes. These are all statements about what "is" true. When we are making a value judgment though, we are asking what "should" happen.
To make this clearer, let's assume that we can objectively decide which outcomes we "should" aim for. We can objectively say that it's bad when people die, and we can objectively say that it's bad to steal from others. What happens when these values come into conflict? What if someone is going to die if they don't steal food from a shop? You have to compare different ethical values against each other when you decide what "should" happen. Each ethical decision depends on how things are ethically values _relative_ to other ethical values. I can't think of any _absolute_ ethical values because there can always be a more important ethical value.
This is why I don't think we can objectively ethically value things. I don't know of an objective way to compare ethical values. I don't know of an objective way to say you "should" prefer one value over another. You can objectively say this action will result in these outcomes which seem good or bad, but those are also ethical value which also need to be compared to each other. This definition of a moral good, as something you "should" do, makes it incompatible with objectivity to me. We can objectively discover what "is" objectively true about the world because we can observe things which "are". I don't know how to observe what "should" happen, so I have to conclude that values come from us individuals and are thus subjective.
I should note that there are some actions which I think are very obviously bad. We can objectively list all of the bad parts which contribute to the entire action have it be obvious to most people that the action was morally wrong. I'm saying that "obviously bad" is different from "objectively bad", even though they are very close in practice.
(3) You're right that we lose the type of legitimacy which you're arguing for. However, I think that you're making the alternative to objective ethics worse than I think they are.
To start with, where are we using objective ethics? We use ethics to decide how we should behave and how others should behave. What you're saying is that you can tell other people how to behave because there is some objective source of morals backing you up. I can believe there are objectively outcomes of actions which seem bad. But, I don't know what outside of our heads can be telling us what we "should" and "shouldn't" do. Without some external source, it seems like our morals must be internal.
So why do we need to be objectively correct to ethically judge others? I feel okay saying that it seems bad to kill a lot of people unnecessarily and we should try to prevent people from killing others. I don't feel the need to say that killing people is objectively wrong, I feel okay saying it is obviously wrong and we should work together to prevent it. I think that it keeps us humble to realize that we are ultimately the ones deciding the morality of our actions.
That's what it's always been. Even if there were a moral framework that's provably true, people could still choose to act against it (assuming some kind of free will, even if it's compatibilist). What do you do when someone hears all your arguments and says "so what"? The same thing you have to do in a universe where meaning/morality is not intrinsic: convince those you can, and force those you can't, if it's important to you.
You allocating a particular meaning to your life's actions does not mean that other's allocate that same meaning; you're making an unjustified logical leap.
I'm not trying to say others have to accept anyone's chosen meaning.
I'm saying you could not legitimately argue to them that their choices are wrong, philosophically speaking.
You can say "tons of us hate this", but that doesn't get you much of a leg to stand on, really.
They still get to choose what they want their meaning to be, and if it's in violent conflict with yours, there's nothing further to be done but avoid each other and fight when the situation and your respective values make it unavoidable.
I'm saying you could not legitimately argue to them that their choices are wrong, philosophically speaking.
You can say "tons of us hate this", but that doesn't get you much of a leg to stand on, really.
They still get to choose what they want their meaning to be, and if it's in violent conflict with yours, there's nothing further to be done but avoid each other and fight when the situation and your respective values make it unavoidable.
>>no one has a basis for saying what they chose is worse than anyone else's choice.
Of course they do! If your parents were killed by Stalin you probably have an opinion one way or the other. That is exactly what this thread is talking about.
Of course they do! If your parents were killed by Stalin you probably have an opinion one way or the other. That is exactly what this thread is talking about.
Okay, you're right - I can use any basis I want.
There's no shared basis I can legitimately use to argue with them, though, if they don't happen to share my chosen values.
There's no shared basis I can legitimately use to argue with them, though, if they don't happen to share my chosen values.
That is true. You can't debate everyone on an even playing field, because not everyone has the same baseline views of morality and reason.
More and more, I have come to think that debates are better for convincing undecided bystanders than convincing the other person you're debating with. At least for arguments or debates held online or in a public space.
One-on-one you might be able to show someone a new value system if they're willing to sit down and talk about it, though.
More and more, I have come to think that debates are better for convincing undecided bystanders than convincing the other person you're debating with. At least for arguments or debates held online or in a public space.
One-on-one you might be able to show someone a new value system if they're willing to sit down and talk about it, though.
Check out the philosophy of "Thrownness": https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrownness
It's a branch, kinda of absurdist. Nothing matters, nothing ever has, but that's liberating, just enjoy and make the most of what comes.
It's a branch, kinda of absurdist. Nothing matters, nothing ever has, but that's liberating, just enjoy and make the most of what comes.
Even on shorter timescales we all die and cease to matter. That doesn't mean life is without meaning. Life is amazing, and terribly short. I wish I could live 1000 more lives, and live them all differently. There's so much I will never do.
> Even on shorter timescales we all die and cease to matter.
If you really want to drive this home, genealogy very quickly shows you how entire families ends up reduced to at most a few lines in archives. The proportion of people who ends up leaving anything of note beyond birth, marriage and death record is minuscule. Even an obituary in a paper is rare at scale.
Even most of those who left something behind are all mostly forgotten. E.g. most old novels are rarely if ever read (most new novels are rarely read). The proportion of even the people who are famous today who will be remembered 100 years from now is tiny - if you go back and read old newspapers, the number of people who were famous in their day you'd recognise the names of are a tiny little fraction.
One can choose to be depressed about that, are accept that measuring our lives based on whether we'll be remembered is pointless.
If you really want to drive this home, genealogy very quickly shows you how entire families ends up reduced to at most a few lines in archives. The proportion of people who ends up leaving anything of note beyond birth, marriage and death record is minuscule. Even an obituary in a paper is rare at scale.
Even most of those who left something behind are all mostly forgotten. E.g. most old novels are rarely if ever read (most new novels are rarely read). The proportion of even the people who are famous today who will be remembered 100 years from now is tiny - if you go back and read old newspapers, the number of people who were famous in their day you'd recognise the names of are a tiny little fraction.
One can choose to be depressed about that, are accept that measuring our lives based on whether we'll be remembered is pointless.
I agree with you.
“I mean, they say you die twice. One time when you stop breathing and a second time, a bit later on, when somebody says your name for the last time.” — Banksy
That idea has been around a lot longer than Banksy, but I disagree. Just because you're not directly recorded in great detail, doesn't mean you didn't have some influence on the world around you. We all contribute in some small way, and our influence spreads out like ripples in a pond.
I like how John Donne said it:
"No man is an island entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main; if a clod be washed away by the sea, Europe is the less, as well as if a promontory were, as well as any manner of thy friends or of thine own were; any man's death diminishes me, because I am involved in mankind. And therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee."
“I mean, they say you die twice. One time when you stop breathing and a second time, a bit later on, when somebody says your name for the last time.” — Banksy
That idea has been around a lot longer than Banksy, but I disagree. Just because you're not directly recorded in great detail, doesn't mean you didn't have some influence on the world around you. We all contribute in some small way, and our influence spreads out like ripples in a pond.
I like how John Donne said it:
"No man is an island entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main; if a clod be washed away by the sea, Europe is the less, as well as if a promontory were, as well as any manner of thy friends or of thine own were; any man's death diminishes me, because I am involved in mankind. And therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee."
Yes, focusing on your legacy and being remembered is pointless. It's also not going to bring you any joy specifically because you won't be around to appreciate it.
I think live a good life, treat others well, try to leave things a little better off than you found them, and enjoy the short time you have. We waste time on so many things that don't matter and don't bring us joy - as if we had infinite time, but we don't.
I think live a good life, treat others well, try to leave things a little better off than you found them, and enjoy the short time you have. We waste time on so many things that don't matter and don't bring us joy - as if we had infinite time, but we don't.
Super Mario bros is pretty fun
I imagined this as a modern buddhist story:
The student approaches their master lamenting the meaninglessness of everything.
The master, "Super Mario bros is pretty fun".
Enlightenment ensues.
The student approaches their master lamenting the meaninglessness of everything.
The master, "Super Mario bros is pretty fun".
Enlightenment ensues.
And then two schools of Buddhism diverged, one favoring Super Mario Bros and the other Super Mario Bros 2
I hate both, but Super Mario 64 is great.
Life before enlightenment: Chop wood, carry water.
Life after enlightenment: Chop wood, carry water.
Life after enlightenment: Chop wood, carry water.
Without going into details that would spoil things, the TV series "The Good Place" touches on this idea, although it's Madden rather than Mario.
CATS ARE NICE (Death in Discworld)
I'd argue that life is its own point. If you organize your metaphysics in such a way that nothing matters unless it leads to a future that matters, then nothing can possibly matter, because by definition value is always postponed to "the future". But you can never get there, because once you do, it becomes "the present".
Basically, you can't say that the value of every moment depends entirely on the value of future moments, that just prevents the actualization of any value. The present has to count for something.
Basically, you can't say that the value of every moment depends entirely on the value of future moments, that just prevents the actualization of any value. The present has to count for something.
We mostly find meaning in moving towards a goal. Once we attain it, it no longer brings us happiness. Having no goals or thinking that some future reward will change our lives doesn't seem to lead to good outcomes. It's strange, but "becoming" itself is meaningful.
Surely some goals can bring happiness when they are achieved? I have made some things that I like, and I am happy when I recall that I made them myself. Or if your goal is to cure cancer, and you succeed, wouldn't that bring you happiness? Sure, you can set other goals for yourself, but that doesn't erase the satisfaction.
Either way, my point was that if your goal is to leave a permanent, meaningful mark on the universe, first, that's borderline delusional, second, the actualization of the goal is basically infinitely far in the future. Personally I'd rather pursue goals that can be achieved within my lifetime and aren't some crazy improper integral over the lifetime of the universe...
Either way, my point was that if your goal is to leave a permanent, meaningful mark on the universe, first, that's borderline delusional, second, the actualization of the goal is basically infinitely far in the future. Personally I'd rather pursue goals that can be achieved within my lifetime and aren't some crazy improper integral over the lifetime of the universe...
> Or if your goal is to cure cancer, and you succeed, wouldn't that bring you happiness?
You would, for a time, and then you would get used to it. People in the past used to struggle to find food. Today almost everyone in the first world countries can eat as much as they'd like, but do we wake up happy and grateful because we have food? I do agree that not all of our happiness comes from moving towards goals in the future, but a lot of it does.
> Personally I'd rather pursue goals that can be achieved within my lifetime and aren't some crazy improper integral over the lifetime of the universe...
Me too, but I don't think that you have to choose. Even if you have some less realistic goals, it's still better to focus on the immediate problems.
You would, for a time, and then you would get used to it. People in the past used to struggle to find food. Today almost everyone in the first world countries can eat as much as they'd like, but do we wake up happy and grateful because we have food? I do agree that not all of our happiness comes from moving towards goals in the future, but a lot of it does.
> Personally I'd rather pursue goals that can be achieved within my lifetime and aren't some crazy improper integral over the lifetime of the universe...
Me too, but I don't think that you have to choose. Even if you have some less realistic goals, it's still better to focus on the immediate problems.
This topic always brings to mind Asimov’s short story, The Last Question. The story spans the life of the knowable universe. https://www.multivax.com/last_question.html
> Like what's even the point of all this, of life, of us, if in the end nothing matters, everything decays into nothingness.
I don't understand this reasoning. If the universe had a different end state, or if it collapsed in on itself only to erupt again, would that make any difference to the meaning of your life or that of our civilization? Probably not, because things still end.
It seems to me that you'd arrive at this conclusion of meaninglessness in any case. The thing is, while the universe may not care, there are many things we as humans do care about. They have meaning because we give them meaning. Isn't that liberating?
I don't understand this reasoning. If the universe had a different end state, or if it collapsed in on itself only to erupt again, would that make any difference to the meaning of your life or that of our civilization? Probably not, because things still end.
It seems to me that you'd arrive at this conclusion of meaninglessness in any case. The thing is, while the universe may not care, there are many things we as humans do care about. They have meaning because we give them meaning. Isn't that liberating?
> They have meaning because we give them meaning. Isn't that liberating?
Liberating from what? There being some objective or higher meaning to it all? Would that be oppressive?
While I agree that we give things meaning, it's all rather arbitrary and empty to think about it that way.
Liberating from what? There being some objective or higher meaning to it all? Would that be oppressive?
While I agree that we give things meaning, it's all rather arbitrary and empty to think about it that way.
> Would that be oppressive?
To be ascribed one authoritative meaning and purpose from outside is probably the definition of totalitarian oppression, yes. You may argue that it's oppression in a delightful state of bliss, or that you much prefer a life on rails. That's hard to argue against, because it's a matter of personal preference. But if you would prefer there to be an external authority who imbues meaning, what in turn then gives meaning to that authority?
> While I agree that we give things meaning, it's all rather arbitrary and empty to think about it that way.
Again, only if you feel it's empty. Then: yes, it is. To me it doesn't feel that way, so to me it isn't. It feels vast and full of possibilities. And also sad that we're such primitive creatures with such short and hard lives. I'd rather I was born in a few hundred years to better take advantage of the opportunities of existence.
To be ascribed one authoritative meaning and purpose from outside is probably the definition of totalitarian oppression, yes. You may argue that it's oppression in a delightful state of bliss, or that you much prefer a life on rails. That's hard to argue against, because it's a matter of personal preference. But if you would prefer there to be an external authority who imbues meaning, what in turn then gives meaning to that authority?
> While I agree that we give things meaning, it's all rather arbitrary and empty to think about it that way.
Again, only if you feel it's empty. Then: yes, it is. To me it doesn't feel that way, so to me it isn't. It feels vast and full of possibilities. And also sad that we're such primitive creatures with such short and hard lives. I'd rather I was born in a few hundred years to better take advantage of the opportunities of existence.
The Last Question (by Isaac Asimov) is my favorite take on this topic by far.
https://www.physics.princeton.edu/ph115/LQ.pdf
https://www.physics.princeton.edu/ph115/LQ.pdf
The idea of having some ultimate meaning is (as far as we can tell) an invention of the human mind.
Whether life has meaning, whether it needs to have meaning, or even whether the meaning of life is predicated on influencing the universe is up to you to determine.
If you asked 10 philosophers and religious leaders about the meaning of life, you'd probably get 100 different answers ranging from "seeking knowledge", "enjoying life", "serving [god or supernatural force]", "making others happy", to "there is no meaning".
Whether life has meaning, whether it needs to have meaning, or even whether the meaning of life is predicated on influencing the universe is up to you to determine.
If you asked 10 philosophers and religious leaders about the meaning of life, you'd probably get 100 different answers ranging from "seeking knowledge", "enjoying life", "serving [god or supernatural force]", "making others happy", to "there is no meaning".
(Simplification, I'm happy and "well-adjusted" whatever that means): I've accepted the fact that my body has an urge to survive and it's not worth (and why would I want to) trying to weigh that against the grand nothingness that my life will amount to. I don't think there's a point to it all but if my body's gonna make me live then I'm gonna live it up. But it is kinda weird.
Is there an axiom of your personal philosophy that causes you to conclude that something must persist for infinite time in order to possess meaning?
I can try. If the result of doing something vs doing nothing is indistinguishable after a certain time, does it matter that it ever happened?
Turn it around. If the result of doing something vs doing nothing /is/ distinguishable at some point in time, does the choice matter? Yes, it does at some point. Granted: it doesn’t matter at /most other points/ in time, sure. But it’s something.
That's a good question, and I'm certainly not trying to suggest that there exists a right answer.
My thoughts are that the formulation assumes the perspective of an observer outside of the system, treating the system as a sort of black box, waiting for the system to produce some sort of signal. And because our current understanding of heat death means that the "signal" will always be something indistinguishably meaningless, the outside observer (who cannot inspect the inner workings of the system) is free assume that, from their perspective, nothing of meaning occurred inside the system.
But even if we assume the above to be true, this is still compatible with an alternative interpretation: from the perspective of an observer inside the system, we may distinguish differences in the system and may find meaning in those differences. Although that's "may find meaning", not "will find meaning"; determining the meaning of one's existence is intensely personal. However, given the above axiom, I don't believe it precludes finding meaning.
My thoughts are that the formulation assumes the perspective of an observer outside of the system, treating the system as a sort of black box, waiting for the system to produce some sort of signal. And because our current understanding of heat death means that the "signal" will always be something indistinguishably meaningless, the outside observer (who cannot inspect the inner workings of the system) is free assume that, from their perspective, nothing of meaning occurred inside the system.
But even if we assume the above to be true, this is still compatible with an alternative interpretation: from the perspective of an observer inside the system, we may distinguish differences in the system and may find meaning in those differences. Although that's "may find meaning", not "will find meaning"; determining the meaning of one's existence is intensely personal. However, given the above axiom, I don't believe it precludes finding meaning.
Why wouldn’t it? I feel like things matter MORE when they don’t last forever. If something lasts forever, then each moment isn’t important, because you will have infinite more moments of the same thing. Only when something is limited does it have specialness.
It depends on your perspective. If you experience time as a spacelike dimension, you can look at this part of spacetime and be amazed at the rich tapestries we, the weirdos who perceive time as timelike, weave with our lives.
I've been enjoying the kurzgesagt collection of videos[1] which discusses the same phenomena, and how we literally can never travel to large swaths of the universe.
[1] https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=uzkD5SeuwzM
[1] https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=uzkD5SeuwzM
If this is all we get, if there's no point of life outside of life, it's all the more important to treat it preciously. If someone ends your life or abuses you, you don't get a second round.
Chances are it is a simulated universe, so no need to be so grim. (No sarcasm.)
What would the universe be a simulation of? What is the practical difference between a simulation and the real world.
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It's about the journey, not the destination.
There's a really cool movie called Aniara that explores this a bit. It's pretty dark, though.
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The Universe (humans) gained consciousness and asked ‘Who made me?’
I've read that page before. It's rather depressing at face value.
But I also think we probably don't yet know enough about the universe and it's very possible most of the things in the future of that page are incorrect.
For one thing even our ideas of thermodynamics and quantum mechanics were developed in the last century, and much like Newton's theories have loopholes, it's very possible (I'd say likely) that our understanding of quantum mechanics and GR is grossly incomplete.
I wouldn't even put it out of the question that simple "axioms" like energy+mass conservation are a special case within a grander scheme of things. The big bang itself violates that, and we still haven't the slightest clue what dark matter and dark energy are.
It's also worth noting that red dwarfs last for a VERY long time, i.e. trillions of years. We have one in our cosmic backyard at Proxima Centauri. If we can figure out how to move in the vicinity of one, we'd have a few orders of magnitude more time to figure out the future.
But I also think we probably don't yet know enough about the universe and it's very possible most of the things in the future of that page are incorrect.
For one thing even our ideas of thermodynamics and quantum mechanics were developed in the last century, and much like Newton's theories have loopholes, it's very possible (I'd say likely) that our understanding of quantum mechanics and GR is grossly incomplete.
I wouldn't even put it out of the question that simple "axioms" like energy+mass conservation are a special case within a grander scheme of things. The big bang itself violates that, and we still haven't the slightest clue what dark matter and dark energy are.
It's also worth noting that red dwarfs last for a VERY long time, i.e. trillions of years. We have one in our cosmic backyard at Proxima Centauri. If we can figure out how to move in the vicinity of one, we'd have a few orders of magnitude more time to figure out the future.
"The Melancholy of Infinite Space" is a beautiful take on this: http://www.geoffreylandis.com/infinite.htp
Given the rest of the discussion in this sub-thread, it seems many don't consider this "a really fun read." I would certainly say "thought-provoking," but I would not call it fun either.
Super interesting read. Thanks for that. It puts me in a bit of a zen-like state to remember that everything will be dust in the end no matter what we do now.
Until humans start making them.
“The power of the sun, in the palm of my hand.”
- Dr. Otto Octavius.
The important part is to disassemble stars. They are burning all the hydrogen way too fast.
It's truly a bigger ecological crime than Bitcoin Proof of Work.
Or dumping them into supermassive black holes.
They'll survive a googol years or so, and feeding matter in will produce plenty of energy.
And when we run out of matter to feed, we can always steal energy from their rotation with the Penrose process.
There must be a lot of brown dwarves lying around.
Good. I have a big investment in a star and sometimes I worry about inflation.
well... unfortunately...
Inflation is part of the problem here. It appears to be getting worse. Soon enough, inflation will make strangers of us all...
Peak star was a lie spread by the anti solar lobby to get us back on oil.
Where can I sign up for starcoin, I've heard it's all the rage on reddit.
It is funny, I was just thinking about this myself, the fact that in a determinable amount of time, the observable universe, will be completely unable to sustain any type of life. Really puts things into perspective.
INSUFFICIENT DATA FOR MEANINGFUL ANSWER
Collect additional data.
Let there be light.
I laughed but it was a sad laugh followed by 'JFC'.
https://imgur.com/gallery/9KWrH for the uninitiated.
See the "last question" for the reference: https://www.multivax.com/last_question.html
No thread about the heat death of the universe in the internet has ever lacked this comment. And justly so. Absolutely stunning short story.
On this time-scale, mountains erode and continents shift in an eye-blink. The end of all is effectively an infinite time in the future - so have fun!
Not just life, any sort of chemical reaction will also be impossible. Heat death.
So the universe is just biding it’s time to die? This is it, no more creation, no more new platforms for biological miracles. Interesting, so while humans figure out how to navigate the universe, many planets/stars would simply die and we will not even know.
I mean the universe is so incredibly vast that even if we figure out how to travel at the speed of light, we'll only ever get to see a small fraction of it. I don't think we'll have to worry about running out of places to explore.
So, about that. One of the weird things about General Relativity is that if we COULD travel at or near the speed of light, then time dilation and length contraction will conspire to enable a trio to the end of the observable universe in 30 years.
So we could definitely explore the universe, we just have no way to share what we discover with our friends back home.
So we could definitely explore the universe, we just have no way to share what we discover with our friends back home.
This is forgetting to account for the accelerating expansion of the universe. Even if one were to depart from Earth today, traveling at light speed, 94% of the observable universe is already impossible to reach. See this excellent video for more detail: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=uzkD5SeuwzM
For the timelines we are discussing here, sure there will lots of new discoveries in physics. And who knows may be somebody will toss out what we know today and come up with something new, where none of these limitations we know today apply.
Still, the observable universe is only a small fraction of the whole universe (we believe, based on spacetime curvature, I think).
> we'll only ever get to see a small fraction of it
True, but on the other hand, due to relativistic time dilation, a very fast traveller could visit very far away destinations if they get closer and closer to the speed of light.
True, but on the other hand, due to relativistic time dilation, a very fast traveller could visit very far away destinations if they get closer and closer to the speed of light.
Remember, this is from our current understanding. 500 years from now, who knows what we’ll discover. Or maybe our whole theory is wrong.
Or the effect of conscious intelligence is so great, we will have to rewrite some of the laws of cosmology. After all, when a human being with a death star can simply change the angle of the beam to destroy one planet instead of another, clearly the impetus is that weakly energetic states (state of the brain) are extremely potent in the evolution of the universe. Normally we think that the magnitude of energy is what matters. However, when it comes to conscious entities, it is the structure that matters. Kinda throws a wrench in just using total energy as a measure of the effect that an object can cause. Brains use hardly any energy and yet cause absurdly strong effects that we still don't know the full extent of.
One peculiarity about quantum mechanics is that even the lowest energy particles still require the universe to compute their paths and wavefunctions. This has commonly been a target of ways to verify if we are living in a simulation - looking for screen door effects in the interference patterns of extremely low energy particles. The hypothesis was that perhaps the universe attempts to save computation on low energy particles. We did not find any screen door phenomena though. So the current stance is that the universe provides full fidelity wavefunctions to particles independent of the magnitude of their energy. A low energy particle or system can have a wavefunction of seemingly limitless quantum complexity.
Cosmology currently revolves around magnitude of energy, not the butterfly effect or intelligence. Expect this to change as we further our understanding.
One peculiarity about quantum mechanics is that even the lowest energy particles still require the universe to compute their paths and wavefunctions. This has commonly been a target of ways to verify if we are living in a simulation - looking for screen door effects in the interference patterns of extremely low energy particles. The hypothesis was that perhaps the universe attempts to save computation on low energy particles. We did not find any screen door phenomena though. So the current stance is that the universe provides full fidelity wavefunctions to particles independent of the magnitude of their energy. A low energy particle or system can have a wavefunction of seemingly limitless quantum complexity.
Cosmology currently revolves around magnitude of energy, not the butterfly effect or intelligence. Expect this to change as we further our understanding.
Some stars will last a really long time too. If the Sun gets too old, Proxima Centauri will supposedly last for over a trillion years and is within <5 light years distance. It could be reached using nuclear propulsion (e.g. Project Orion or staged nuclear-thermal) within a human life span.
The universe might be concluding its star-forming era but will be capable of sustaining complex life for trillions upon trillions of years. After that we don't know what really happens. Heat death is the depressing but most widely accepted outcome.
The universe might be concluding its star-forming era but will be capable of sustaining complex life for trillions upon trillions of years. After that we don't know what really happens. Heat death is the depressing but most widely accepted outcome.
Ok this trillion number you are talking about makes me feel better about this article.
Yeah we have a good backup star <5ly away. In hundreds of millions to 1-2 billion years when this becomes a problem we (or more likely whatever descends from us or the AIs we build) will either be able to move easily or will be extinct already.
AI intelligences would have no problem traveling between stars. Who cares if it takes thousands of years even... just turn yourself off. Even better send automated factories to build compute power and robotics and then transmit your minds when the new site is ready.
AI intelligences would have no problem traveling between stars. Who cares if it takes thousands of years even... just turn yourself off. Even better send automated factories to build compute power and robotics and then transmit your minds when the new site is ready.
For anyone interested in this, I recommend the following book: The Beginning of Infinity by David Deutsch.
Whenever you see the word Universe in pop sci, you can just sub in Observable Universe.
Sure, but scientists have fairly good reasons for assuming that the rest of the universe looks pretty much the same. They could be wrong, of course, but "could be wrong" is always an assumption with these kinds of things anyway.
what is 'pretty much the same', and what are the 'fairly good reasons'?
Well, the current understanding is
1. The universe was created by the big bang, which created all the energy and matter in an instant. In the first few moments, this soup of energy and matter was near-uniform, but tiny imbalances caused matter to start clumping up into larger clumps.
2. Fast-forward 14 billion years, and those tiny imbalances and the resulting forces appear to have distributed the matter (including dark matter) into a fairly even, consistent structure across the entire universe, with galaxies mostly collecting together in clumps separated by huge filaments (see e.g. [1]). Our own galaxy seems to be in a bit of a void between some of these clumps.
So that's our understanding of how the universe came to be, and how it came to be the way it is now. It seems that things are, as I said, "pretty much the same" no matter how far out you go, and this has an explanatory reason: the near-uniformity of the matter and energy created by the big bang.
You're saying that it could be that, somewhere, outside the reaches of our telescopes, things are totally different. But we have no theories of how that could possibly have come to be, given our assumption #1 above. It just doesn't seem plausible, given our understanding of the big bang, that somewhere on the "other side" of the universe there's, say, nothing at all. Or a pure carbon crystal the size of our own observable universe. Or a Library of Babel.
You're free to say "well, scientists don't know that there isn't," yes, of course, but without some kind of explanatory hypothesis, it makes far more sense to go with the data and theories we have.
1. https://www.space.com/37191-we-live-in-a-cosmic-void.html
1. The universe was created by the big bang, which created all the energy and matter in an instant. In the first few moments, this soup of energy and matter was near-uniform, but tiny imbalances caused matter to start clumping up into larger clumps.
2. Fast-forward 14 billion years, and those tiny imbalances and the resulting forces appear to have distributed the matter (including dark matter) into a fairly even, consistent structure across the entire universe, with galaxies mostly collecting together in clumps separated by huge filaments (see e.g. [1]). Our own galaxy seems to be in a bit of a void between some of these clumps.
So that's our understanding of how the universe came to be, and how it came to be the way it is now. It seems that things are, as I said, "pretty much the same" no matter how far out you go, and this has an explanatory reason: the near-uniformity of the matter and energy created by the big bang.
You're saying that it could be that, somewhere, outside the reaches of our telescopes, things are totally different. But we have no theories of how that could possibly have come to be, given our assumption #1 above. It just doesn't seem plausible, given our understanding of the big bang, that somewhere on the "other side" of the universe there's, say, nothing at all. Or a pure carbon crystal the size of our own observable universe. Or a Library of Babel.
You're free to say "well, scientists don't know that there isn't," yes, of course, but without some kind of explanatory hypothesis, it makes far more sense to go with the data and theories we have.
1. https://www.space.com/37191-we-live-in-a-cosmic-void.html
> this soup of energy and matter was near-uniform
We can only infer this in the region that we can see in the CMB, which is a small region when re-wound back to the instant after the BB.
What you are suggesting is that this uniformity was infinite in all directions, which is not what we're able to infer given the data we have so far.
Are you even familiar with the idea of the multiverse or bubble nucleation.
We can only infer this in the region that we can see in the CMB, which is a small region when re-wound back to the instant after the BB.
What you are suggesting is that this uniformity was infinite in all directions, which is not what we're able to infer given the data we have so far.
Are you even familiar with the idea of the multiverse or bubble nucleation.
“Pretty much the same” is “has stars and planets like we do, ignoring the solar system which might be weird”.
The “fairly good reasons” are that that assumption has allowed us to develop a very good understanding of physics – good even by standards that don't make that assumption. If an assumption is a good one, it's probably a true one… at least, the others have been, and I assume we can generalise from them.
The “fairly good reasons” are that that assumption has allowed us to develop a very good understanding of physics – good even by standards that don't make that assumption. If an assumption is a good one, it's probably a true one… at least, the others have been, and I assume we can generalise from them.
Inflation is the leading cosmological theory. If that is true, all our observations are descended from a pinpoint region of space that contained everything we can observe now. We don't have any means to judge whether the parameters of space are the same or different in regions that have always been causally separated from us.
Be more comfortable with saying "I (We) don't know".
Be more comfortable with saying "I (We) don't know".
For the things we can observe to be the way they are, the furthest things that can be observed by the furthest things we can observe must be more or less the same as well, and so on.
Most physicists agree.
It's interesting that we can presently see two galaxies that will never be able to see each other. They will drift out of Earth's observable universe before each other's light would have a chance to reach the other. Dark energy & accelerating expansion is weird.
Chances are you can make a string of thousands (trillions?) of such galaxies. We currently have no way of knowing the size of the non-observable universe.
Which two galaxies?
Any two galaxies at opposite ends of the observable universe.
This dramatic visualization of the timeline for the rest of the universe is well worth a watch to get a feel for what we believe the future of the universe to look like
[TIMELAPSE OF THE FUTURE: A Journey to the End of Time]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uD4izuDMUQA
However, when you get to the end (which is perhaps a little depressing!), I'd recommend learning a bit about what we think could come 'after' this period, where the universe has become so isotropic and homogenous no clocks or measuring systems of any kind can be developed so the universe loses any sense of size or energy – it's been proposed that this creates opportunity for a new universe to exist
[What Happens After the Universe Ends?]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PC2JOQ7z5L0
These are fields of study right on the edge of what's testable by science so it's more fun to think about than it is to have certainty (although Penrose has, debatably, claimed evidence for echos of previous universes visible in the CMB!).
[TIMELAPSE OF THE FUTURE: A Journey to the End of Time]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uD4izuDMUQA
However, when you get to the end (which is perhaps a little depressing!), I'd recommend learning a bit about what we think could come 'after' this period, where the universe has become so isotropic and homogenous no clocks or measuring systems of any kind can be developed so the universe loses any sense of size or energy – it's been proposed that this creates opportunity for a new universe to exist
[What Happens After the Universe Ends?]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PC2JOQ7z5L0
These are fields of study right on the edge of what's testable by science so it's more fun to think about than it is to have certainty (although Penrose has, debatably, claimed evidence for echos of previous universes visible in the CMB!).
I just watched this and found the ending quite comforting: at the end, entropy stops increasing and nothing happens, forever. After a long week at work, it's pretty much what I'm up for!
It means nothing to my life, but the thought that it all ends in cold dark silence is very depressing. Hopefully we've got the science on dark energy wrong and a big crunch provides the possibility of re-birth.
A trillions of years long work week would leave anyone tired!
Obligatory link to Isaac Asimov's wonderful short story "The Last Question" which explores this topic:
https://www.physics.princeton.edu/ph115/LQ.pdf
https://www.physics.princeton.edu/ph115/LQ.pdf
Another great one dealing with this topic is Exhalation by Ted Chiang. Less cosmic, more provincial, but still beautiful.
https://www.lightspeedmagazine.com/fiction/exhalation/
https://www.lightspeedmagazine.com/fiction/exhalation/
I'd be interested to know how people (humanity) would feel if it were known that the universe would just come to a hard-stop in a million years.
In practice, it should make no difference. That's already much, much further than any of us can comprehend. It's a hundred times the length of recorded human history. What would it really matter?
On the other hand, it would seem so short, I think a sense of nihilism would already take hold.
In practice, it should make no difference. That's already much, much further than any of us can comprehend. It's a hundred times the length of recorded human history. What would it really matter?
On the other hand, it would seem so short, I think a sense of nihilism would already take hold.
Tech moves so fast, I can’t think of a termination event that couldn’t be solved with 1M years of exponential growth.
Even with the Big Freeze or Big Crunch of the universe, there’s at least some hope that some currently unknown science, energy source, etc. might be accessible to us in 1M years that could delay or reduce the severity of the event.
But, let’s say there’s a an event that will somehow destroy our entire solar system in 500 years, that would certainly divide people into two camps: one hell bent on escaping the solar system at all costs and another determined to enjoy every last moment before extinction.
Even with the Big Freeze or Big Crunch of the universe, there’s at least some hope that some currently unknown science, energy source, etc. might be accessible to us in 1M years that could delay or reduce the severity of the event.
But, let’s say there’s a an event that will somehow destroy our entire solar system in 500 years, that would certainly divide people into two camps: one hell bent on escaping the solar system at all costs and another determined to enjoy every last moment before extinction.
On the other hand, 1M years is so far away, everything can be put off to be dealt with later.
There's at least one or two issues that we maybe should think about addressing before it's too late.
There's at least one or two issues that we maybe should think about addressing before it's too late.
Termination event: this simulation will yield the desired answer after another 1 million years of simulated time and the plug will be pulled.
Tech moves so fast now. While I don't believe we'll be leveling off anytime soon, it's worth considering the possibility of it.
There's also the pessimistic view that we will actually lose progress and regress over time. Jonathan Blow has an interesting talk on the subject: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pW-SOdj4Kkk
In the micro sense we see this all day every day. Restaurants start good but aim for max profit and become garbage. Apps/websites start great then keep adding cruft while removing features. Capitalism. Housing. All we do is advance to regress and repeat ourselves over and over.
its incentives and check and balances nothing more
That's a bit extreme, but we have a billion years before this planet becomes a slightly bigger Venus, that should be enough time to figure out something.
It is highly unlikely the human species as we know it will last a million more years. Why should we worry about what might happen in the far future?
The total arrogance of people in technology lol. We're still just sentient specs of dust abiding by the laws of the universe on a spec of dust planet. Writing CRUD apps, flying to Mars, or driving an electric car, isn't going to save the universe.
Well, we know which camp you are in.
500 years is too long, 100 more like. Live but don't have kids
Its more like the entirety of humanity is frozen in time. 13.7 billion years ago the universe began, life was 3.8 billion years ago, the first telescope was 405 years ago. The only way to see how stars and planets develop is by taking thousands of celestial bodies and figure out the rules of the universe.
> I'd be interested to know how people (humanity) would feel if it were known that the universe would just come to a hard-stop in a million years.
I see what you mean by setting a hard stop, it does mean little in the end. The Wikipedia timeline, which makes a lot of assumptions, show galaxy formation stopping at 100 trillion years from now.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_far_future
We're human beings who only came on the scene around 200,000 years ago. It's impressive that we can work out the math and physics to try to comprehend 100 trillion years, but it is impossible to even imagine where conscious life would be at that point, if it exists at all.
I see what you mean by setting a hard stop, it does mean little in the end. The Wikipedia timeline, which makes a lot of assumptions, show galaxy formation stopping at 100 trillion years from now.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_far_future
We're human beings who only came on the scene around 200,000 years ago. It's impressive that we can work out the math and physics to try to comprehend 100 trillion years, but it is impossible to even imagine where conscious life would be at that point, if it exists at all.
We already have so much nihilism, it's hard to imagine it being possible to turn the dial up further.
I don’t see this. Many people in my country are religious, and believe that God (the Christian one) has a plan for them—-the exact opposite of nihilism.
Isn't this the core of nihilism, just framed differently?
This does often manifest in what is essentially nihilism, though — e.g. “I’m not taking the vaccine; if God’s will is that I die from COVID then so be it.”
I wonder if a hard-stop could actually focus our attention on a concrete goalpost: instead of having an indefinite future, we would have a fixed timespan before us that’s much longer than our current planning horizon.
I like to think it’d be something like the planet Kricket https://hitchhikers.fandom.com/wiki/Krikkit
If civilization lasts a million years it would be an accomplishment. I think the likely answer to the Fermi paradox is that civilization is but a short lived spark on evolutionary timescales and self destructs.
This edifice of cosmological logic, rooted in dark matter, somehow reminds me of epicycles.
Perhaps Earl of Ockham has a pertinent observation...
(Or, maybe I just woke up grumpy this morning.)
Perhaps Earl of Ockham has a pertinent observation...
(Or, maybe I just woke up grumpy this morning.)
A question came to mind: where do the photons go if it gets past the end of the observable universe?
The observable universe is simply what exists in our light cone - what can reach us before the space between is expanding faster than the speed of light. There is no reason to think there is anything special about us or our light cone and no reason to think things outside it would look different to an observer nearer to them.
it can't get there. At least the ones that are emitted from us.
Similarly, the ones that are emitted by stuff beyond that boundary will never get to us. Because the space is stretching faster than the photon.
Similarly, the ones that are emitted by stuff beyond that boundary will never get to us. Because the space is stretching faster than the photon.
*according to our small little local window of observations of the universe.
The universe is thought to be either infinite or 46 billion light years across. Our passive observations don't give us a whole lot to work with, they just give us a view of 14 billion light years.
It's easy to make interpolation/extrapolations. Harder to know the impact of conscious life, the extent of it, and how anisotropic the universe might really be.
Intelligent life may one day create artificial stars or is already doing so. The evolution of the universe can be highly affected by a Type 5 civilization. Let's not be so certain about these astrophysical phenomena..
The effect of conscious intelligence is so great, we might have to rewrite some of the laws of cosmology. After all, when a human being with a death star can simply change the angle of the beam to destroy one planet instead of another, clearly the impetus is that weakly energetic states (state of the brain) are extremely potent in the evolution of the universe.
Normally we think that the magnitude of energy is what matters. However, when it comes to conscious entities, it is the structure that matters. This potency of structure throws a wrench in just using total energy as a measure of the effect that an object can cause. Brains use hardly any energy and yet cause absurdly strong effects that we still don't know the full extent of.
One peculiarity about quantum mechanics is that even the lowest energy particles still require the universe to compute their paths and wavefunctions. This has commonly been a target of ways to verify if we are living in a simulation - looking for screen door effects in the interference patterns of extremely low energy particles.
One hypothesis was that perhaps the universe attempts to save computation on low energy particles. We did not find any screen door phenomena though. So the current stance is that the universe provides full fidelity wavefunctions to particles independent of the magnitude of their energy. A low energy particle or system can have a wavefunction of seemingly limitless quantum complexity.
Cosmology currently revolves around magnitude of energy, not the butterfly effect or intelligence. Expect this to change as we further our understanding.
The universe is thought to be either infinite or 46 billion light years across. Our passive observations don't give us a whole lot to work with, they just give us a view of 14 billion light years.
It's easy to make interpolation/extrapolations. Harder to know the impact of conscious life, the extent of it, and how anisotropic the universe might really be.
Intelligent life may one day create artificial stars or is already doing so. The evolution of the universe can be highly affected by a Type 5 civilization. Let's not be so certain about these astrophysical phenomena..
The effect of conscious intelligence is so great, we might have to rewrite some of the laws of cosmology. After all, when a human being with a death star can simply change the angle of the beam to destroy one planet instead of another, clearly the impetus is that weakly energetic states (state of the brain) are extremely potent in the evolution of the universe.
Normally we think that the magnitude of energy is what matters. However, when it comes to conscious entities, it is the structure that matters. This potency of structure throws a wrench in just using total energy as a measure of the effect that an object can cause. Brains use hardly any energy and yet cause absurdly strong effects that we still don't know the full extent of.
One peculiarity about quantum mechanics is that even the lowest energy particles still require the universe to compute their paths and wavefunctions. This has commonly been a target of ways to verify if we are living in a simulation - looking for screen door effects in the interference patterns of extremely low energy particles.
One hypothesis was that perhaps the universe attempts to save computation on low energy particles. We did not find any screen door phenomena though. So the current stance is that the universe provides full fidelity wavefunctions to particles independent of the magnitude of their energy. A low energy particle or system can have a wavefunction of seemingly limitless quantum complexity.
Cosmology currently revolves around magnitude of energy, not the butterfly effect or intelligence. Expect this to change as we further our understanding.
This makes me wonder, how many sparks of life and ancient civilizations have been wiped from the universe by the birth and death of stars. How many supernovae have violently ripped them from existence. How many rogue stars have cooked them to molten slag. What a small and fragile thing humanity is in the face of these forces.
People pointed to Asimov's Last Question, I'll point you to Clarke's The Star:
https://sites.uni.edu/morgans/astro/course/TheStar.pdf
https://sites.uni.edu/morgans/astro/course/TheStar.pdf
And that's not including the ones whose planets destroyed them, or where they destroyed themselves. Or the ones that became space-faring and were wiped out by others/space/whatever.
The odds of surviving on any scale seem pretty infinitesimal. Common sense would dictate we focus on surviving external forces but instead we hate each other over our differences.
The odds of surviving on any scale seem pretty infinitesimal. Common sense would dictate we focus on surviving external forces but instead we hate each other over our differences.
It is important to contextualize what almost all means in this context of a vast and possibly infinite universe. It leaves an incomprehensible number of stars yet to form. It also leaves open a backdoor for a star forming Renaissance if blackhole activity dies down in another 10 billion years.
It is important. Based on a lot of comments, people seem to think "oh, well, universe dead, I guess."
Which is far from the truth. There are still millions of galaxies forming millions of stars, and that is going to continue into the indefinite future.
This is saying that statistically, the younger the universe, the more stars that are created. And they bright, hot, short-lived stars, that, once dead, will give birth to many new stars (who will also generally be bright and short-lived, just less so).
This means that the universe produces a great deal of young stars shortly after its inception, but that eventually gives way to many more long-lived stars that are actually habitable for life.
The universe is very much in its hayday, right now. We're living evidence of it.
Which is far from the truth. There are still millions of galaxies forming millions of stars, and that is going to continue into the indefinite future.
This is saying that statistically, the younger the universe, the more stars that are created. And they bright, hot, short-lived stars, that, once dead, will give birth to many new stars (who will also generally be bright and short-lived, just less so).
This means that the universe produces a great deal of young stars shortly after its inception, but that eventually gives way to many more long-lived stars that are actually habitable for life.
The universe is very much in its hayday, right now. We're living evidence of it.
If we contextualize 95% of all to created stars were created it is still quite a lot dead.
Then taking our context which is our observable universe which is only a small part of universe that we care about - we can certainly say it is dead.
Then taking our context which is our observable universe which is only a small part of universe that we care about - we can certainly say it is dead.
Created != dead. The most common stars in the universe have lifetimes many times the observable universe's age. Even if all star formation stopped everywhere right this moment, we'd only be about 1% of the way through the era of stars. In reality, there is a long tail to stellar formation meaning we are actually much less far along.
Assuming no quirks in physics that the universe just left out for yet another pathological counter example to our understanding of everything — it could just be the star stuff hanging out and social distancing after a star blazing first act.
[deleted]
Oh what a time to be alive. Future generations will have to rely on stories, eyewitness accounts, and gripping tales of stellar formation, and willmonly have access to imported, factory-made stars.
Oh the humanity!
Oh the humanity!
Has the author considered K-Pop?
What is it that I’m late to every party?
Do we really think that expansion is a constant thing in the far far future? We already have different expansion rates in the theory (Big Bang was explosively fast, and now there is a measured speed of expansion), but is that "constant"?
Does the redshift measurements assume a constant expansion, has someone looked at the redshifts data to show historical expansion rate differences somehow maybe with candles?
And... aren't most stars super-long-lived dwarfs anyway? The headline seems a bit misleading.
Does the redshift measurements assume a constant expansion, has someone looked at the redshifts data to show historical expansion rate differences somehow maybe with candles?
And... aren't most stars super-long-lived dwarfs anyway? The headline seems a bit misleading.
I guess this sets an upper cap on economic growth
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_far_future