HTTP3 Explained(http3-explained.haxx.se)
http3-explained.haxx.se
HTTP3 Explained
https://http3-explained.haxx.se
78 comments
Damn it's nice reading a simple static site like this. Links open instantly to the next fully laid out page of content. If only the rest of the web could be like this..
Worth nothing, that react application (using React Server Components?)! If you have javascript enabled, it renders as a single page app, fetching each additional page via an API. If you disable JS, it renders it all on the server.
yes, that's why performance metric and on low-powered phones is so terrible. Look at that: https://pagespeed.web.dev/analysis/https-http3-explained-hax...
That is a striking difference between mobile and desktop, why is that? (Also that is a very interesting site)
That's because on mobile, PageSpeed (which is a hosted version of the Ligthhouse dev tools you also have in Chrome) simulates a low-end Android device on a slow 3G network, which is what a lot of website visitors actually use (as opposed to the web developer using the newest iPhone on great WiFi).
That's why content-driven websites should not be an SPA, and why I built https://mastrojs.github.io
That's why content-driven websites should not be an SPA, and why I built https://mastrojs.github.io
Ugh, that explains why it hangs for a quarter second any time I scroll with the mousewheel.
Wow almost as good as handwritten HTML!
Agreed but where is the actual git repo? I see a text saying this "contents get updated automatically on every commit to this git repository" but where is "this git repository"?
I can't find a link to the source anywhere.
I can't find a link to the source anywhere.
The introduction has a "help out" section which links to the github repo: https://github.com/bagder/http3-explained
After a quick google: https://github.com/bagder/http3-explained
(using a search engine is faster than asking for a link on HN)
(using a search engine is faster than asking for a link on HN)
I found it on HN faster than I could have with a search engine because they asked :)
Gitbook is not a simple static site generator.
There are a also ton of outbound requests for JS on first load.
[0]: view-source:https://http3-explained.haxx.se/
There are a also ton of outbound requests for JS on first load.
[0]: view-source:https://http3-explained.haxx.se/
Damn it's nice to log onto Hacker News and see yet another top comment on an interesting article be bike shedding about webshit. And also wrong because if you crack open your react dev tools and have a peak inside the 2MB of javascript you'll see that this site is still everything you despise.
I see literally two dozen JS scripts run when I open the page.
+1000
I need fancy javascript crap like I need a hole in my head.
I need fancy javascript crap like I need a hole in my head.
But how will the author know the last 500 websites you visited and where your eyes are looking right now and what you ate last Tuesday? They should put some AnAlYtIcS in.
The document is now five years old and full of statements like “we’ll see that in the upcoming years”. I think it’s due for an update.
Link for anyone willing to contribute: https://github.com/bagder/http3-explained
Looks unmaintained, though.
Looks unmaintained, though.
I was personally bugged by it claiming that QUIC wasn't an acronym.
Well, it seem like is was originally, but isn't now and hasn't been at date of publication.
Edit:
> The initial QUIC protocol was designed by Jim Roskind at Google and was initially implemented in 2012, announced publicly to the world in 2013 when Google's experimentation broadened.
> Back then, QUIC was still claimed to be an acronym for "Quick UDP Internet Connections", but that has been dropped since then.
from https://http3-explained.haxx.se/en/proc
Edit:
> The initial QUIC protocol was designed by Jim Roskind at Google and was initially implemented in 2012, announced publicly to the world in 2013 when Google's experimentation broadened.
> Back then, QUIC was still claimed to be an acronym for "Quick UDP Internet Connections", but that has been dropped since then.
from https://http3-explained.haxx.se/en/proc
Here’s a conceptual background about how and why HTTP/3 came to be (recollected from memory):
HTTP/1.0 was built primarily as a textual request-response protocol over the very suitable TCP protocol which guaranteed reliable byte stream semantics. The usual pattern was to use a TCP connection to exchange a request and response pair.
As websites grew more complex, a web page was no longer just one document but a collection of resources stitched together into a main document. Many of these resources came from the same source, so HTTP/1.1 came along with one main optimisation — the ability to reuse a connection for multiple resources using Keep Alive semantics.
This was important because TCP connections and TLS (nee SSL) took many round-trips to get established and transmitting at optimal speed. Latency is one thing that cannot be optimised by adding more hardware because it’s a function of physical distance and network topology.
HTTP/2 came along as a way to improve performance for dynamic applications that were relying more and more on continuous bi-directional data exchange and not just one-and-done resource downloads. Two of its biggest advancements were faster (fewer round-trips) TLS negotiation and the concept of multiple streams over the same TCP connection.
HTTP/2 fixed pretty much everything that could be fixed with HTTP performance and semantics for contemporary connected applications but it was still a protocol that worked over TCP. TCP is really good when you have a generally stable physical network (think wired connections) but it performs really badly with frequent interruptions (think Wi-Fi with handoffs and mobile networks).
Besides the issues with connection reestablishment, there was also the challenge of “head of the line blocking” — since TCP has no awareness of multiplexed HTTP/2 streams, it blocks everything if a packet is dropped, instead of blocking only the stream to which the packet belonged. This renders HTTP/2 multiplexing a lot less effective.
In parallel with HTTP/2, work was also being done to optimise the network connection experience for devices on mobile and wireless networks. The outcome was QUIC — another L4 protocol over UDP (which itself is barebones enough to be nicknamed “the null protocol”). Unlike TCP, UDP just tosses data packets between endpoints without much consideration of their fate or the connection state.
QUIC’s main innovation is to integrate encryption into the transport layer and elevate connection semantics to the application space, and allow for the connection state to live at the endpoints rather than in the transport components. This allows retaining context as devices migrate between access points and cellular towers.
So HTTP/3? Well, one way to think about it is that it is HTTP/2 semantics over QUIC transport. So you get excellent latency characteristics over frequently interrupted networks and you get true stream multiplexing semantics because QUIC doesn’t try to enforce delivery order or any such thing.
Is HTTP/3 the default option going forward? Maybe not until we get the level of support that TCP enjoys at the hardware level. Currently, managing connection state in application software means that over controlled environments (like E-W communications within a data centre), HTTP/3 may not have as good a throughput as HTTP/2.
HTTP/1.0 was built primarily as a textual request-response protocol over the very suitable TCP protocol which guaranteed reliable byte stream semantics. The usual pattern was to use a TCP connection to exchange a request and response pair.
As websites grew more complex, a web page was no longer just one document but a collection of resources stitched together into a main document. Many of these resources came from the same source, so HTTP/1.1 came along with one main optimisation — the ability to reuse a connection for multiple resources using Keep Alive semantics.
This was important because TCP connections and TLS (nee SSL) took many round-trips to get established and transmitting at optimal speed. Latency is one thing that cannot be optimised by adding more hardware because it’s a function of physical distance and network topology.
HTTP/2 came along as a way to improve performance for dynamic applications that were relying more and more on continuous bi-directional data exchange and not just one-and-done resource downloads. Two of its biggest advancements were faster (fewer round-trips) TLS negotiation and the concept of multiple streams over the same TCP connection.
HTTP/2 fixed pretty much everything that could be fixed with HTTP performance and semantics for contemporary connected applications but it was still a protocol that worked over TCP. TCP is really good when you have a generally stable physical network (think wired connections) but it performs really badly with frequent interruptions (think Wi-Fi with handoffs and mobile networks).
Besides the issues with connection reestablishment, there was also the challenge of “head of the line blocking” — since TCP has no awareness of multiplexed HTTP/2 streams, it blocks everything if a packet is dropped, instead of blocking only the stream to which the packet belonged. This renders HTTP/2 multiplexing a lot less effective.
In parallel with HTTP/2, work was also being done to optimise the network connection experience for devices on mobile and wireless networks. The outcome was QUIC — another L4 protocol over UDP (which itself is barebones enough to be nicknamed “the null protocol”). Unlike TCP, UDP just tosses data packets between endpoints without much consideration of their fate or the connection state.
QUIC’s main innovation is to integrate encryption into the transport layer and elevate connection semantics to the application space, and allow for the connection state to live at the endpoints rather than in the transport components. This allows retaining context as devices migrate between access points and cellular towers.
So HTTP/3? Well, one way to think about it is that it is HTTP/2 semantics over QUIC transport. So you get excellent latency characteristics over frequently interrupted networks and you get true stream multiplexing semantics because QUIC doesn’t try to enforce delivery order or any such thing.
Is HTTP/3 the default option going forward? Maybe not until we get the level of support that TCP enjoys at the hardware level. Currently, managing connection state in application software means that over controlled environments (like E-W communications within a data centre), HTTP/3 may not have as good a throughput as HTTP/2.
Thank you for a great overview! I wish HTTP3/QUIC was the "default option" and had much wider adoption.
Unfortunately, software implementations of QUIC suffer from dealing with UDP directly. Every UDP packet involves one syscall, which is relatively expensive in modern times. And accounting for MTU further makes the situation ~64 times worse.
In-kernel implementations and/or io-uring may improve this unfortunate situation, but today in practice it's hard to achieve the same throughput as with plain TCP. I also vaguely remember that QUIC makes load-balancing more challenging for ISPs, since they can not distinguish individual streams as with TCP.
Finally, QUIC arrived a bit too late and it gets blocked in some jurisdictions (e.g. Russia) and corporate environments similarly to ESNI.
Unfortunately, software implementations of QUIC suffer from dealing with UDP directly. Every UDP packet involves one syscall, which is relatively expensive in modern times. And accounting for MTU further makes the situation ~64 times worse.
In-kernel implementations and/or io-uring may improve this unfortunate situation, but today in practice it's hard to achieve the same throughput as with plain TCP. I also vaguely remember that QUIC makes load-balancing more challenging for ISPs, since they can not distinguish individual streams as with TCP.
Finally, QUIC arrived a bit too late and it gets blocked in some jurisdictions (e.g. Russia) and corporate environments similarly to ESNI.
Why would every UDP packet involve one syscall when you can use sendmmsg(2) instead of sendmsg(2)? And similarly recvmmsg(2) instead of recvmsg(2).
EDIT: I found https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=45387462 which is a way better discussion than what I wrote.
EDIT: I found https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=45387462 which is a way better discussion than what I wrote.
> In-kernel implementations and/or io-uring may improve this unfortunate situation, but today in practice it's hard to achieve the same throughput as with plain TCP.
This would depend on how the server application is written, no? Using io-uring and similar should minimise context-switches from userspace to kernel space.
> I also vaguely remember that QUIC makes load-balancing more challenging for ISPs, since they can not distinguish individual streams as with TCP.
Not just for ISPs; IIRC (and I may be recalling incorrectly) reverse proxies can't currently distinguish either, so you can't easily put an application behind Nginx and use it as a load-balancer.
The server application itself has to be the proxy if you want to scale out. OTOH, if your proxy for UDP is able to inspect the packet and determine the corresponding instance to send a UDP packet too, it's going to be much fewer resources required on the reverse proxy/load balancer, as they don't have to maintain open connections at all.
It will also allow some things more easily; a machine that is getting overloaded can hand-off (in userspace) existing streams to a freshly created instance of the server on a different machine, because the "stream" is simply related UDP packets. TCP is much harder to hand-off, and even if you can, it requires either networking changes or kernel functions to hand-off.
This would depend on how the server application is written, no? Using io-uring and similar should minimise context-switches from userspace to kernel space.
> I also vaguely remember that QUIC makes load-balancing more challenging for ISPs, since they can not distinguish individual streams as with TCP.
Not just for ISPs; IIRC (and I may be recalling incorrectly) reverse proxies can't currently distinguish either, so you can't easily put an application behind Nginx and use it as a load-balancer.
The server application itself has to be the proxy if you want to scale out. OTOH, if your proxy for UDP is able to inspect the packet and determine the corresponding instance to send a UDP packet too, it's going to be much fewer resources required on the reverse proxy/load balancer, as they don't have to maintain open connections at all.
It will also allow some things more easily; a machine that is getting overloaded can hand-off (in userspace) existing streams to a freshly created instance of the server on a different machine, because the "stream" is simply related UDP packets. TCP is much harder to hand-off, and even if you can, it requires either networking changes or kernel functions to hand-off.
Thanks for taking the time to make this, that was helpful!
Glad you found it helpful! Most of it is distilled from High Performance Browser Networking (https://hpbn.co/). It’s a very well organised, easy to follow book. Highly recommended!
Unfortunately, it’s not updated to include QUIC and HTTP/3 so I had to piece together the info from various sources.
Unfortunately, it’s not updated to include QUIC and HTTP/3 so I had to piece together the info from various sources.
stupid question: why do we need QUIC? why not just switch HTTP to UDP instead of TCP?
That's basically what QUIC is? It is a UDP based protocol over which HTTP can be run.
How else would you consider "just" switching HTTP to UDP? There are minimum required features such as 1. congestion control 2. multiplexed streams 3. encryption and probably a few others that I forgot about.
How else would you consider "just" switching HTTP to UDP? There are minimum required features such as 1. congestion control 2. multiplexed streams 3. encryption and probably a few others that I forgot about.
QUIC is actually a level 4 protocol, on the same level as UDP and TCP, it could work on IP directly, making it QUIC/IP.
They chose to keep the UDP layer because of its minimal overhead over raw IP and for better adoption and anti-ossification reasons, but conceptually, forget about UDP, QUIC is a TCP replacement that happens to be built on top of UDP.
Now for the answers:
- Why not HTTP over UDP? UDP is an unreliable protocol unsuitable for HTTP. HTTP by itself cannot deal with packet loss, among other things.
- Why not keep HTTP/2? HTTP/2 is designed to work with TCP and work around some of its limitations, it could probably work over QUIC too, but you would lose most of the advantages of QUIC
- Why not got back to HTTP/1? I could turn out to be a better choice than HTTP/2, but it is not a drop-in replacement either, and you would lose all the intersting features introduced since HTTP/2
They chose to keep the UDP layer because of its minimal overhead over raw IP and for better adoption and anti-ossification reasons, but conceptually, forget about UDP, QUIC is a TCP replacement that happens to be built on top of UDP.
Now for the answers:
- Why not HTTP over UDP? UDP is an unreliable protocol unsuitable for HTTP. HTTP by itself cannot deal with packet loss, among other things.
- Why not keep HTTP/2? HTTP/2 is designed to work with TCP and work around some of its limitations, it could probably work over QUIC too, but you would lose most of the advantages of QUIC
- Why not got back to HTTP/1? I could turn out to be a better choice than HTTP/2, but it is not a drop-in replacement either, and you would lose all the intersting features introduced since HTTP/2
I also have em-dashes in memory.
> As the packet loss rate increases, HTTP/2 performs less and less well. At 2% packet loss (which is a terrible network quality, mind you), tests have proven that HTTP/1 users are usually better off - because they typically have up to six TCP connections to distribute lost packets over. This means for every lost packet the other connections can still continue.
Why doesn't HTTP/2 use more than one socket?
Why doesn't HTTP/2 use more than one socket?
[deleted]
Where can I download the pdf? It seems the link points to itself
It's hidden in the "Copy" drop down at the top right.
https://http3-explained.haxx.se/~gitbook/pdf?limit=100
https://http3-explained.haxx.se/~gitbook/pdf?limit=100
It's still crazy how quickly http3 got adopted by web actors. Can't wait til we do the same for IMAP and SMTP
Well, there is jmap[1].
[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON_Meta_Application_Protocol
[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON_Meta_Application_Protocol
Email is mostly dead - we use Gmail (or Microsoft 365) now. It is to email what Slack is to IRC. With only one or two vendors, the need for widely interoperable protocols is gone - they only need to interoperate between a few large service providers, and that can be done by private agreement.
You realize those ESPs use and support the industry standard open protocols under the hood, right? Slack is 100% proprietary and does not use industry standard protocols for interchange or federation. These are not even remotely comparable. Slack would need to use industry standard and open protocols (i.e. XMPP) to allow federation with products like Teams and Discord for the situations to be comparable.
The Slack API is an industry standard open protocol.
Can you name one other chat service that uses it? Does it allow interop between the chat services?
Publishing the spec for your proprietary API does not make it an industry standard.
Publishing the spec for your proprietary API does not make it an industry standard.
It does if your proprietary API is the industry standard. Everything Microsoft puts out is both industry standard and proprietary. So is everything TSMC puts out (their processes). Most of the interconnects in any computer system as well. I actually bought a legal copy of the SATA standard, for $30ish.
Will there be HTTP/4 ?
Anyone else blocks UDP 80/443 due to privacy concerns?
What privacy concern do you have that does not apply to TCP 80/443?
Tracking sessions across different physical connections has some non-trivial privacy implications:
https://http3-explained.haxx.se/en/quic/quic-connections#con...
https://http3-explained.haxx.se/en/quic/quic-connections#con...
How do you imagine other protocols handle switching physical connections? With HTTP 1, you send your session ID as a cookie after wasting time creating a new TCP connection
Yes, obviously, but we already know how that is used. This is a more complex protocol that might enable attack vectors that were not possible before and we do not think about when accessing websites:
But see the notes taken from the HTTP/3 RFC itself, written by the authors:
10.11. Privacy Considerations
But see the notes taken from the HTTP/3 RFC itself, written by the authors:
10.11. Privacy Considerations
Several characteristics of HTTP/3 provide an observer an opportunity
to correlate actions of a single client or server over time. These
include the value of settings, the timing of reactions to stimulus,
and the handling of any features that are controlled by settings.
As far as these create observable differences in behavior, they could
be used as a basis for fingerprinting a specific client.
HTTP/3's preference for using a single QUIC connection allows
correlation of a user's activity on a site. Reusing connections for
different origins allows for correlation of activity across those
origins.
Several features of QUIC solicit immediate responses and can be used
by an endpoint to measure latency to their peer; this might have
privacy implications in certain scenarios.HTTP 2 also does connection coalescing. Why are you quoting text instead of a specific concern? QUIC has been around for over a decade now
Yes, no performance difference either.
Sounds overly complicated, I doubt this will have a widespread adoption
About 30% percent of traffic to Cloudflare uses HTTP/3 [0], so it seems pretty popular already. For comparison, this is 3× as much traffic as HTTP/1.1.
[0]: https://radar.cloudflare.com/adoption-and-usage#http1x-vs-ht...
[0]: https://radar.cloudflare.com/adoption-and-usage#http1x-vs-ht...
and then cloudflare converts that to http/2 or even 1.1 for the backend
So? Those protocols work fine within the reliable low latency network of a datacenter.
I'd even go as far as claiming that on reliable wired connections (like between cloudflare and your backend) HTTP/2 is superior to HTTP/3. Choosing HTTP/3 for that part of the journey would be a downgrade
At the very least, the benefits of QUIC are very very dubious for low RTT connections like inside a datacenter, especially when you're losing a bunch of hardware support and moving a fair bit of actual work to userspace where threads need to be scheduled etc. On the other hand Cloudflare to backend is not necessarily low RTT and likely has nonzero congestion.
With that said, I am 100% in agreement that the primary benefits of QUIC in most cases would be between client and CDN, whereas the costs are comparable at every hop.
With that said, I am 100% in agreement that the primary benefits of QUIC in most cases would be between client and CDN, whereas the costs are comparable at every hop.
Is CF typically serving from the edge, or serving from the nearest to the server? I imagine it would be from the edge so that it can CDN what it can. So... most of the time it wont be a low latency connection from CF to backend. Unless your back end is globally distributed too.
Also, within a single server, you should not use HTTP between your frontend nginx and your application server - use FastCGI or SCGI instead, as they preserve metadata (like client IP) much better. You can also use them over the network within a datacenter, in theory.
Is the protocol inherently inferior in situations like that, or is this because we've spent decades optimizing for TCP and building into kernels and hardware? If we imagine a future where QUIC gets that kind of support, will it still be a downgrade?
There is no performance disadvantage at the normal speed of most implementations. With a good QUIC implementation and a good network stack you can drive ~100 Gb/s per core on a regular processor from userspace with 1500-byte MTU with no segmentation offload if you use a unencrypted QUIC configuration. If you use encryption, then you will bottleneck on the encryption/decryption bandwidth of ~20-50 Gb/s depending on your processor.
On the Linux kernel [1], for some benchmark they average ~24 Gb/s for unencrypted TCP from kernel space with 1500-byte MTU using segmentation offload. For encrypted transport, they average ~11 Gb/s. Even using 9000-byte MTU for unencrypted TCP they only average ~39 Gb/s. So there is no inherent disadvantage when considering implementations of this performance level.
And yes, that is a link to a Linux kernel QUIC vs Linux kernel TCP comparison. And yes, the Linux kernel QUIC implementation is only driving ~5 Gb/s which is 20x slower than what I stated is possible for a QUIC implementation above. Every QUIC implementation in the wild is dreadfully slow compared to what you could actually achieve with a proper implementation.
Theoretically, there is a small fundamental advantage to TCP due to not having multiple streams which could allow it maybe a ~2x performance advantage when comparing perfectly optimal implementations. But, you are comparing a per-core control plane throughput using 1500-byte MTU of, by my estimation, ~300 Gb/s on QUIC vs ~600 Gb/s on TCP at which point both are probably bottlenecking on your per-core memory bandwidth anyways.
[1] https://lwn.net/ml/all/cover.1751743914.git.lucien.xin@gmail...
On the Linux kernel [1], for some benchmark they average ~24 Gb/s for unencrypted TCP from kernel space with 1500-byte MTU using segmentation offload. For encrypted transport, they average ~11 Gb/s. Even using 9000-byte MTU for unencrypted TCP they only average ~39 Gb/s. So there is no inherent disadvantage when considering implementations of this performance level.
And yes, that is a link to a Linux kernel QUIC vs Linux kernel TCP comparison. And yes, the Linux kernel QUIC implementation is only driving ~5 Gb/s which is 20x slower than what I stated is possible for a QUIC implementation above. Every QUIC implementation in the wild is dreadfully slow compared to what you could actually achieve with a proper implementation.
Theoretically, there is a small fundamental advantage to TCP due to not having multiple streams which could allow it maybe a ~2x performance advantage when comparing perfectly optimal implementations. But, you are comparing a per-core control plane throughput using 1500-byte MTU of, by my estimation, ~300 Gb/s on QUIC vs ~600 Gb/s on TCP at which point both are probably bottlenecking on your per-core memory bandwidth anyways.
[1] https://lwn.net/ml/all/cover.1751743914.git.lucien.xin@gmail...
"As of September 2024, HTTP/3 is supported by more than 95% of major web browsers in use and 34% of the top 10 million websites."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/3
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/3
A lot of servers still don't support that.
Go http webserver doesn't support http 3 without external libraries. Nginx doesn't support http 3. Apache doesn't support http 3. node.js doesn't support http 3. Kubernetes ingress doesn't support http 3.
should I go on?
edit: even curl itself - which created the original document linked above - has http 3 just in an experimental build.
Go http webserver doesn't support http 3 without external libraries. Nginx doesn't support http 3. Apache doesn't support http 3. node.js doesn't support http 3. Kubernetes ingress doesn't support http 3.
should I go on?
edit: even curl itself - which created the original document linked above - has http 3 just in an experimental build.
> edit: even curl itself - which created the original document linked above - has http 3 just in an experimental build.
It's not experimental when built with ngtcp2, which is what you will get on distros like Debian 13-backports (plain Debian 13 uses OpenSSL-QUIC), Debian 14 and onward, Arch Linux and Gentoo.
Reference: https://curl.se/docs/http3.html
It's not experimental when built with ngtcp2, which is what you will get on distros like Debian 13-backports (plain Debian 13 uses OpenSSL-QUIC), Debian 14 and onward, Arch Linux and Gentoo.
Reference: https://curl.se/docs/http3.html
>Nginx doesn't support http 3
nginx do support it.
https://nginx.org/en/docs/quic.html
nginx do support it.
https://nginx.org/en/docs/quic.html
And I see I was not that wrong; the module is still marked as "experimental" and not built by default.
https://nginx.org/en/docs/http/ngx_http_v3_module.html
https://nginx.org/en/docs/http/ngx_http_v3_module.html
ah okay i was wrong there, mea culpa
The guy's point still stands - lots of popular software do not yet support http3.
Well this statement have to be precised.
caddyserver v2 supports HTTP/3 and it's an webserver written in go https://caddyserver.com/features
FYI: There is also an rust webserver which supports HTTP/3. https://v2.ferronweb.org/
caddyserver v2 supports HTTP/3 and it's an webserver written in go https://caddyserver.com/features
FYI: There is also an rust webserver which supports HTTP/3. https://v2.ferronweb.org/
Go built-in webserver.
Yes and, at the same time practical support within programming language standard libraries & common tooling lags way behind: https://httptoolkit.com/blog/http3-quic-open-source-support-...
You will get most of the benefits of HTTP 3 even if your app libraries run HTTP 1.1, as long as the app is behind a reverse proxy that speaks HTTP 3.
Yep, for example, Caddy (zero special configuration to enable HTTP 3)
Also apparently slower over fast connections https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.09423
A decrease in throughput is a small price to pay for progress